The Low Service Utilization Groups - 990 Words

Table 3 presents the results of multinomial regression models predicting membership into the moderate- and high- service utilization groups. The low service utilization group is the reference group. The multivariate analyzes control for indicators representing individual-level characteristics, foster care experiences, and child welfare system factors. Furthermore, these analyzes suggest that the results reported in Table 2 are robust. Child welfare system factors Receipt of services is significantly different for youth in states that have extended foster care policies compared to states that have not extended foster care policies. Youth in states that have extended foster care policies is 16% more likely to be in the moderate service group and 28% less likely to be in the high service group compared to youth in the lower services group. Receipt of services for youth in states that deliver state-administered or centralized child welfare services are significantly different from county-administered or hybrid-administered child welfare states. Youth in state-administered states is 91% more likely to be in the high service group. Youth who are placed in large metropolitan areas are significantly less likely to be in the moderate (26% less likely) or high (24% less likely) service groups compared to youth in smaller metropolitan areas. In contrast to large metropolitan areas, those in large fringe areas are not significantly different from the smaller metropolitanShow MoreRelatedEconomic Issues Simulation Paper1227 Words   |  5 Pageswell balanced health insurance plan that will work for there group of people. I am Jamie Ruth, I am the Vice President, Strategy and Financial Planning at Castor Collins. My duties include pricing plans and setting insurance premiums for our potential clients. Castor Collins was approached by two companies looking for employer insurance and both companies have a set rate their employees are able to pay for premiums since both groups will have to pay for his or her own insurance. The first companyRead MoreEconomic Issues Simulation Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesinclude pricing plans and setting insurance premiums for our potential clients. Castor Collins was approached by two companies looking for employer insurance and both companies have a set rate their employees are able to pay for premiums since both groups will have to pay for his or her own insurance (Axia College, 2006). The first company is Constructit that consist of 1,000 people and E-Editors that consist of 1,600 people. It is up to my team to come up with a plan the meets Constructit $4,000 maxR ead MoreHealth Literacy Impact On National Healthcare Utilization1746 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy Impact on National Healthcare Utilization Background: Health literacy presents a huge challenge in the delivery of effective healthcare and quality outcomes. We evaluated association between low health literacy and healthcare utilization. Methods: Database analysis utilized Medical Expenditure Panel Survey(MEPS) from 2005-2008 which provides national representative estimates of healthcare utilization and expeniture. Health literacy scores were calculated based on a validated predictiveRead MoreEconomic Issues Simulation1130 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees are smokers and 13.5 % of the group suffer from a respiratory illness or disease. Another significant risk factor is obesity. Obesity is a disease that affects 39% of the workers and these employees are also at risk for illness and diseases linked to obesity. 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The implementation of Primary health Care in 1979 resulted in some progress in basic delivery of healthcare services for the poor Access to health care services in the Philippines is limited by financial and social barrier. There are widespread disparities of coverage rates for many public health programs. In basic program like child immunization, 70% of local government units haveRead MoreEssay about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans1115 Words   |  5 Pagesit is the first national study of VA non-mental health medical service utilization in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. The findings are important because in the population studied the soldiers who were found to have mental health issues used all types of non-mental health services than those with no diagnosis. Veterans diagnosed with PTSD had the greatest utilization in all service categories. One million of the service men and women who have returned from war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan

American Presence on German Culture Essay - 1887 Words

In February of 1945, an unconditional surrender was written up, and to be presented to the successor of Adolf Hitler. Admiral Karl Doenitz signed this surrender in May of 1945 at the Yalta conference where Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill would identify a means to the end. At the time, Admiral Doenitz had his military commanders assume the government positions in Germany until a new government was later established. The agreements outlined in the surrender at the Potsdam Conference between July and August of 1945 were later fulfilled since no peace conference was held to further diagram the future of Germany. The agreement at the Yalta conference is what eventually shaped the outcome of Germany’s future from†¦show more content†¦In the process of Russia laying its claim to other countries, they attempted to take over Greece as well, but the British arrived just in time to prevent the takeover. Russia had already expanded so far into the ot her European nations that it was somewhat inflated. This caused a significant thinning of Russian forces in Greece, making it less difficult for Great Britain to force them out. This could have led to a different turn of events in the near future if Greece had turned communist at that time. Only speculation and the entertainment industry should expand upon this. The Division of a Nation With the division of Germany between the allied forces, came the commencement of the divided sectors. America now occupied their sector of Germany to the South West enveloping all of Bavaria and some of the smaller surrounding areas. After the halt of forces after the surrender of Germany to the Allied Nations, Russia still had the intention of proceeding forward, but with the United States dropping the two nuclear warheads on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Russia decided to halt their push into Europe further, in the fear that they too would undergo an attack to prevent a further threat. They began research on ways to counter the new threat of nuclear weaponry, and soon armed themselves with their own nuclear weapons. Thus began The Cold War, and the rivalry between Russia, and America wouldShow MoreRelatedCase Study on Walmart681 Words   |  3 Pagesregarding the manner in which a company approaches (and fails miserably) in expanding operations outside the United States pertains to WalMarts endeavor to open the German market. After eight years of attempting to dominate and control the retail market much like it has accomplished in the United States, WalMart pulled the plug on its German operations and left that market with its business tail stuck between its legs. Headlined in the Times was the fact that WalMart, the worlds largest retailerRead MoreDisney s Success At The Disney World1741 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess in Europe was not as straight forward as anticipated. Poor understanding of the market place and failing to adapt to the French culture was a major factor in contributing to the failure first experienced by EuroDisney. Management entered France with an ethnocentric mindset, believing the European market would enjoy the same experiences that Americans do. Also management was unable to effectively mound together the controllable and uncontrollable environment. 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Maternal Health

Question: Write an essay answering the following question:What are the possible explanations for failure to advance maternal, health globally and what needs to be done to improve the situation? Briefly describe whether there is evidence available of what needs to be done, and then discuss whether, or why not, this evidence is being applied in practice. Illustrate with a case study from a particular country, whilst also discussing the emerging debates or next steps in this agenda.This assignment requires that you select one of the topics below. You are expected to critically examine the question presented and put forward an argument drawing on your conceptual understanding from the course and using the literature to support your response. illustrate aspects of your discussion through a country case study but this should NOT be the main focus of the assignment. A broader discussion of the topic with a global focus is required. Answer: The term maternal age is defined as the age of the mother during the time of delivery of the offspring. According to Benzies (2008), the maternal health is not an issue associated with women rather it is about the uprightness of communities, nations and the societies and also the well-being of every single individual whose prospects of life depends completely on a healthy mother. According to (Kahraman et al. 2000), the global society is not yet so advanced and insufficiently galvanized in terms of addressing neonatal and maternal mortality. Certain areas in the healthcare sector and the government sector needs to be improved in order to reduce this complication. In this context, we are going to discuss the failure to advances in maternal health globally and interventions to improve these (Pearson et al., 2000). Political will and strong leadership make innovative, cost-efficient interventions possible. Because women are often marginalized economically, politically and socially, sustained leadership on gender equality is required to advance maternal health. Strong leadership at the highest levels promotes accountability within ministries and enables them to find reliable partners to drive and champion progress in maternal health (Fisk Atun, 2008). In order to reduce the ill effects or the factors that affect advanced maternal health, the first thing that needs to be done is the identification of the factors that contributes to the negative impact of the advanced maternal health. The main two factors that are accountable for the failure of the advanced maternal and neonatal health are both the global donor community and national governments (Aldous Edmonson,1993). As stated by Davis et al. (1989), the adaptation of the eight Millennium Development goal was for the improvement in the health areas. The MDG 5 target involved the achievement of universal access to reproductive health but inadequate funding for family planning was the key failure in fulfilling commitments in order to improve the reproductive health of women. (Jacobsson et al., 2004). The major causes of stillbirth vary by gestational age. Infection is the most common contributor between 24 and 27 weeks' gestation, and unexplained stillbirth is the most common contributor after 28 weeks.In the study by Fretts,rates of unexplained late fetal loss were more pronounced among women aged 35 years or older. This rate is similar to that reported among women aged 45 years and older in a population-based Swedish study. Together, these studies clearly suggest a multifactorial cause of stillbirth and a clear need for prospective studies that include lifestyle and socioeconomic risk factors (Croen et al., 2007). One of the study done by, Huang and his colleagues reveals that 225 million women yet to meet the requirement for modern contraception. Moreover, poor sexual and reproductive health reported to be almost around fourteen percent. One of the major failures of maternal health is that in certain developing nations ninety five percent of the adolescent females are forced to get married. Thus, at this age maternal reproduction can lead to complications where they have not reached the full potential. Such actions lead to death of the adolescent. As stated by Dong et al. (2013), the other barriers include feeble health systems, elevation of inequalities in access and exploitation of reproductive and sexual health services, poor excellence of such services, ingrained gender inequalities, and cultural challenges. (Bauer et al., 2013). Huang and his colleagues are to be highly praised for the width of their evaluation, which involves thirty seven studies from four different continents accounted in five languages. Although medical, methodological and numerical heterogeneity banned meta-analysis, Huang and his colleaguesdiscovered that seventy seven percentages of the thirty one retrospective cohorts learning and all six of the case manage studies point out a statistically important connection between stillbirth rate and advanced maternal age. As stated by Huisman et al. (2013), they established an alike connection in all fifteen populace based on cohort studies. They accomplished that advanced maternal age credible has a self-governing result on stillbirth (Dong et al., 2013). One of the majority severe challenges in conducting assessments in this part is the inconsistency in characterizations of advanced maternal age and the threshold for accounting stillbirth.At a minimum, consensus about definitions and standardized reporting across jurisdictions would lead to more definitive results from systematic reviews. According to Donofrio et al. (2014), additional study variability arises from differences in health care and cultural contexts, which are not sufficiently captured in epidemiologic or hospital-based administrative data sets. This limits the ability to generalize findings to other populations. However, as Huang and colleagues8correctly point out, there remains a great deal to learn about the impact of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors on stillbirth risk. Although large, prospective studies that include information about pregnancy health of the mother and father, maternal stress and socioeconomic factors are expensive, a clear understanding of the r isk of stillbirth will require this level of investment in research (Carey, 2015). In order to reduce these gaps and bring about improvement in the maternal and neonatal health cost for the package of sexual and also the reproductive health including modern contraception could impact on the reduction of pregnant related causes and neonatal deaths. Secondly, in order to delay the age of the childbearing education and paid employment plans should be implemented. The last and one f the significant intervention that can change the whole structure of reproductive health would be the attendance of births delivery with skilled health care professionals. The intervention policies of advanced maternal health globally would involve the following strategies strengthening of the skills and also the assistance of the local advocates that would enable nations to elevate the use of the health saving medical interventions, awareness of the overlooked factors associated with this problem for the maternal and the newborn should be raised and also expansion of the effective and essential medicines. A global agreement should be designed on a set of consistent standards for the goal of health and also measurements. Moreover, these measurements would help to plan, monitor and informed verdict making (Sliwa et al., 2006). To address the main risk factors for newborn and maternal mortality, practices should be adapted for obtainable preventive and healing tools, technologies, and treatment as well as expand new ones which would be more effectual and reasonable and would be additional readily customary for families and health practitioners in rural and society clinics, hospitals and health centers. These involve ways to treat infant infections by means of easy antibiotic treatment regimens, handle postpartum hemorrhage and sanitize the umbilical cord (Wanderer et al., 2013). The evidence reflects that Bill Melinda Gates Foundations Maternal, Newborn Child Health program performs to inflate coverage of high affect interventions to guarantee that women and infants stay alive and be healthy at the time of childbirth and further than that. This program invests in efforts to adjust and build up innovative tools, treatments and technologies. Additional to this they aim to improve the excellence of healthcare services and practices and the connections between health practitioners and relatives and advocate for nationwide and global policies that advantage maternal, child survival, newborn and health (Campbell et al., 2013). As stated by Timofeev et al. (2013), on the basis of a meta-analysis of three different studies carried out by a group of researchers, women living in poor hygiene surroundings are three times as probable to die from maternal physical condition related issues contrast to female who do not, while women existing under deprived water circumstances have a motherly mortality ratio fifty percent more than persons that do not. Partially the malnutrition cases universally can be accredited to poor water, hygiene and sanitation. As discussed by (Campbell et al. (2013), several of these deaths are consequences from vaccine avoidable diseases, since impediments like as cost and convenience has hindered efforts to distribute effective vaccines to individuals mainly in need. In addition, a lot of vaccines known to mothers and children below age five are not appropriate for infants, since their growing immune systems do not respond optimally throughout the primary few months of existence. Maternal immunization is the procedure by which an expectant womans immune structure is equipped with an exacting disease, and the shield is then transferred to her child expected to take birth. Moreover, strategies have emerged to avert many redundant maternal and baby deaths (Schoolcraft Katz-Jaffe, 2013). Older women have greater chances of children born with chromosomal aberration. One such major aberration is Down Syndrome. According to researches, it is observed that in 80% of the babies affected with Down syndrome are born to women above the age of 35. Susan a Hispanic woman of 37 years of age, who had a normal pregnancy. A screening test was done after a period of gestation of 16 weeks, which was normal and indicated a 1/275 probability of Down Syndrome. On the basis of this result, the prenatal diagnostic tests were not conducted. Additionally, ultrasonography examination showed no anomalies. Susan's family background reveals that the first cousin from her maternal side who is 12 years old is affected with Down Syndrome (Timofeev et al., 2013). During the birth of Susan's daughter showed probable features of Down Syndrome, such as Mongolian facial features and "floppy baby syndrome" that is reduced the strength of muscles. Susan shared her suspicion with her physician. Blood was collected to determine the chromosome number. It was confirmed, after a week, that the child was affected with Down Syndrome and the genotype of the child was (47, XX, +21). Clinical diagnosis of the mother -Examination of the maternal serum could help in the detection of maximum cases of Down Syndrome. In this case, the triple screening of Susan, which was obtained as 1/275, revealed higher chances of risk as compared to other risks related to her age which is 1/826. The results in her case were not considered as positive by the laboratory, but usually in such cases, the cut off for a positive test is determined as 1/200 (Roos-Hesselink et al., 2013). Clinical diagnosis of the neonate - Evaluation of a discrete set of issues is necessary for neonates with Down Syndrome- There are about a 50% of chance for the child to suffer from inherent heart disease.Vomiting is persistent in such children, and they also show symptoms of duodenal atresia or obstruction in the movement of bowel. They also suffer from hearing loss, visual disability, polycythemia and inherent hypothyroidism Assessment of risks - Postbirth of newborn with Down Syndrome it is a main concern which arises is the chances of reoccurrence of Down Syndrome in future pregnancies. However, in this case, there is a minimal risk for Susan and her partner since the disease is caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 21, but if the disease is caused due to translocation of the chromosome, the chances of occurrence increases. Since in this case Susan already had a relative affected by Down Syndrome, this though was treated as a critical case accounted for unbalanced translocation of chromosomes which depict inheritance (Timofeev et al. 2013). Probability in this case - Trisomy of chromosome 21 is noninherent and is infrequent in occurrence. Hence, Susan and her partner need not go through further examinations. In future, if Susan decides to have a child, the risk of having another case of Down Syndrome is approximately less than 1% and is completely unrelated to her cousin having the disease. However, since Susan age has exceeded 35, there remains a danger of having a child with chromosomal aberrations (Mhyre et al., 2014). In this context, the meaning and the implications of various strategies of maternal age has been discussed. Maternal age is defined the age of the mother during the time of delivery of the offspring. As stated by Timofeev et al. (2013), studies reveal those older women above thirty five years are more susceptible to risks associated with pregnancy than a younger woman. The global society is not yet so advanced and insufficiently galvanized in terms of addressing neonatal and maternal mortality. Certain areas in the healthcare sector and the government sector needs to be improved in order to reduce this complication. Cost and accessibility are the two major factors that affect child and mother mortality. According to researches, it is observed that in 80% of the babies affected with Down syndrome are born to women above the age of 35. Susan a Hispanic woman of 37 years of age, who had a normal pregnancy. During the birth of Susan's daughter showed probable features of Down Syndrome, s uch as Mongolian facial features and "floppy baby syndrome" that is reduced the strength of muscles. Susan shared her suspicion with her physician. Examination of the maternal serum could help in the detection of maximum cases of Down Syndrome. Evaluation of a discrete set of issues is necessary for neonates with Down Syndrome- There are about a 50% of chance for the child to suffer from inherent heart disease. Blood was collected to determine the chromosome number. It was confirmed, after a week, that the child was affected with Down Syndrome and the genotype of the child was (47, XX, +21). (Mhyre et al., 2014). The major causes of stillbirth vary by gestational age. Infection is the most common contributor of mortality. Huang and his colleagues reported that the outcome of a methodical appraisal of retrospective cohort and case organize studies of the link between advanced maternal age and the danger of stillbirth. The evidence reflects that Bill Melinda Gates Foundations Maternal, Newborn Child Health program performs to inflate coverage of high affect interventions to guarantee that women and infants stay alive and be healthy at the time of childbirth and further than that. Partially the malnutrition case universally can be accredited to poor water, hygiene and sanitation. Several of these deaths are consequences from vaccine avoidable diseases since impediments like as cost and convenience have hindered efforts to distribute effective vaccines to individuals mainly in need. Thus, it can be concluded that there are although major risks associated with advanced maternal health in terms o f the global scenario, this situation can be controlled by evidence-based practice and innovative policies and tools (Mhyre et al., 2014). References: Aldous, M. B., Edmonson, M. B. (1993). Maternal age at first childbirth and risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery in Washington State.Jama,270(21), 2574-2577. Bauer, M. E., Bateman, B. T., Bauer, S. T., Shanks, A. M., Mhyre, J. M. (2013). Maternal sepsis mortality and morbidity during hospitalization for delivery: temporal trends and independent associations for severe sepsis.Anesthesia Analgesia,117(4), 944-950. Benzies, K. M. (2008). Advanced maternal age: Are decisions about the timing of child-bearing a failure to understand the risks?.Canadian Medical Association Journal,178(2), 183-184. Campbell, K. H., Savitz, D., Werner, E. F., Pettker, C. M., Goffman, D., Chazotte, C., Lipkind, H. S. (2013). Maternal morbidity and risk of death at delivery hospitalization.Obstetrics Gynecology,122(3), 627-633. Carey, D. (2015). Pregnancy and advanced maternal age. Croen, L. A., Najjar, D. V., Fireman, B., Grether, J. K. (2007). Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders.Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine,161(4), 334-340. Davis, L. E., Lucas, M. J., Hankins, G. D., Roark, M. L., Cunningham, F. G. (1989). Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,160(1), 63-70. Dong, M., Zheng, Q., Ford, S. P., Nathanielsz, P. W., Ren, J. (2013). Maternal obesity, lipotoxicity and cardiovascular diseases in offspring.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology,55, 111-116. Donofrio, M. T., Moon-Grady, A. J., Hornberger, L. K., Copel, J. A., Sklansky, M. S., Abuhamad, A., ... Lacey, S. (2014). Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation,129(21), 2183-2242. Fisk, N. M., Atun, R. (2008). Market failure and the poverty of new drugs in maternal health.PLoS Med,5(1), e22. Huisman, C. M., Zwart, J. J., Roos-Hesselink, J. W., Duvekot, J. J., van Roosmalen, J. (2013). Incidence and predictors of maternal cardiovascular mortality and severe morbidity in The Netherlands: a prospective cohort study.PLoS One,8(2), e56494. Jacobsson, B., Ladfors, L., Milsom, I. (2004). Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome.Obstetrics Gynecology,104(4), 727-733. Kahraman, S., Bahce, M., Ã…Å ¾amlÄ ±, H., Ä °mirzalÄ ±oÄÅ ¸lu, N., YakÄ ±sn, K., Cengiz, G., Dnmez, E. (2000). Healthy births and ongoing pregnancies obtained by preimplantation genetic diagnosis in patients with advanced maternal age and recurrent implantation failure.Human Reproduction,15(9), 2003-2007. Mhyre, J. M., Tsen, L. C., Einav, S., Kuklina, E. V., Leffert, L. R., Bateman, B. T. (2014). Cardiac arrest during hospitalization for delivery in the United States, 19982011.The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,120(4), 810-818. Pearson, G. D., Veille, J. C., Rahimtoola, S., Hsia, J., Oakley, C. M., Hosenpud, J. D., ... Baughman, K. L. (2000). Peripartum cardiomyopathy: national heart, lung, and blood institute and office of rare diseases (national institutes of health) workshop recommendations and review.Jama,283(9), 1183-1188. Roos-Hesselink, J. W., Ruys, T. P., Stein, J. I., Thiln, U., Webb, G. D., Niwa, K., ... Tavazzi, L. (2013). Outcome of pregnancy in patients with structural or ischaemic heart disease: results of a registry of the European Society of Cardiology.European heart journal,34(9), 657-665. Schoolcraft, W. B., Katz-Jaffe, M. G. (2013). Comprehensive chromosome screening of trophectoderm with vitrification facilitates elective single-embryo transfer for infertile women with advanced maternal age.Fertility and sterility,100(3), 615-619. Sliwa, K., Anthony, J., Hilfikerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kleiner, D. (2016). Maternal heart health.The Heart of Africa: Clinical profile of an evolving burden of heart disease in Africa, 9-26. Timofeev, J., Reddy, U. M., Huang, C. C., Driggers, R. W., Landy, H. J., Laughon, S. K. (2013). Obstetric complications, neonatal morbidity, and indications for cesarean delivery by maternal age.Obstetrics and gynecology,122(6), 1184. Wanderer, J. P., Leffert, L. R., Mhyre, J. M., Kuklina, E. V., Callaghan, W. M., Bateman, B. T. (2013). Epidemiology of Obstetric-Related Intensive Care Unit Admissions in Maryland: 19992008.Critical care medicine,41(8), 1844.

The Spanish Civil War free essay sample

This research paper is about the significance of the Spanish Civil War to early 20th century world-history. The paper discusses the Spanish Civil War in detail (including its background) and analyzes how General Francos push for fascism in Spain proved to be the precursor of the Second World War. The paper includes a brief discussion of the different ideologies that were at play in the conflict. It also explores the reasons behind the defeat of the Republicans despite their apparently just cause against the Nationalists. The Spanish Civil War that started in 1936 following the failure of a military rebellion under the leadership of General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) to overthrow the democratically elected Republican government of Spain, lasted for three years. The Civil War still evokes passionate debate among historians and political analysts around the world. The war was a bloody affair that took a heavy toll of human lives, estimated at 500,000. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spanish Civil War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This still does not explain the interest and extreme passions that the Spanish Civil War evoked at the time (and continues to do so more than 60 years after its end) around the world. The reason for the interest in a war that, in normal circumstances, would have been dismissed as an internal conflict for supremacy in a has-been European power, is the timing of the event that occurred at a fluid time in world history when several political ideologies were in a melting pot. These ideologies consisted of the whole range of the political spectrum from the extreme right to the extreme left. The Anarchists, the Socialists, the Fascists, the Syndicalists, the Monarchists, the Roman Catholics, the Communists (including the Stalinists and the Trotskyites) all had their say in the war. No wonder then that the Spanish Civil War, instead of being relegated in history as a footnote to the Second World War that immediately followed it, is considered to be a major event in its own right and is st udied, discussed and analyzed at great length even today.

Legalization of Narcotics essays

Legalization of Narcotics essays Narcotics, or drugs, are substances that affect the bodys functions. They can stimulate the mind, make people depressed, or make them hyper. Marijuana, heroin, LSD, PCP, cocaine, and anabolic steroids are all considered narcotics. Narcotics are illegal in the U.S. Even though drugs are illegal, about 12 million people use them anyway. Many strict laws have been passed against drugs but they seem to have little affect. People still decide to sell or use drugs for recreational purpose. This is why narcotics should be legalized. Before 1914, it was legal to make, sell, or use any type of drugs. Many of the drugs were used for medicinal use. This was before people found out how addictive and harmful drugs were. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required medicine labels to show whether over the counter drugs contained narcotics. After the act was passed, many Americans did not buy medicine that contained narcotics. The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 made narcotics illegal except for medicinal purpose. On 1919 the Supreme Court changed the Harrison Narcotics Act. They made it illegal for doctors to prescribe narcotic drugs to addicts. The Controlled Substance Act was created in 1970. The CSA turned fifty-five drug laws into one big one. This act sets the minimum penalties for the use or distribution of narcotics. State and local governments can make the drug laws stricter, but have to follow the minimal guidelines set by the CSA. The CSA divides narcotics into five categories called schedules. Schedule I drugs are only allowed for controlled experimentation. They have the highest potential for abuse. These drugs are: heroin, LSD, marijuana, and Ecstasy. Schedule II drugs are also restricted, but can be prescribed by doctors under special circumstances. These drugs are cocaine and PCP. Schedule III drugs have medical use, but can be abused. These are mostly painkillers and barbiturates such as codeine ...

Stanch and Staunch

Stanch and Staunch Stanch and Staunch Stanch and Staunch By Maeve Maddox Although the two spellings are often seen used interchangeably, recommended modern usage is to distinguish between them: stanch: verb. to stop the flow of something, usually blood. staunch: adjective. (of persons) strong, standing firm and true to ones principles. Pronunciation differs among English speakers, but /aw/ is the most commonly heard vowel sound in staunch. The OED gives /ah/ as the first pronunciation for stanch, but Merriam-Webster gives /aw/ first for both staunch and stanch. OED gives two alternate pronunciations for each word. M-W lists five alternate pronunciations for each. Stanch occurs as an adjective in old books and periodicals (1930 and earlier), but modern usage favors reserving stanch for use as a verb and staunch as an adjective. H.W. Fowler, Modern English Usage stanch, staunch. The adjective is usually staunch, the verb stanch. Chicago Manual of Style staunch; stanch. Staunch is an adjective meaning â€Å"ardent and faithful† Stanch is a verb meaning â€Å"to stop the flow†; it is almost always used in regard to bleeding, literally and metaphorically AP Stylebook stanch, staunch. Stanch is a verb. Staunch is an adjective. However, not all journalists consult Fowler, CMOS, or AP: Gillards challenge is to staunch the bleeding (The Australian) †¦the operators struggled to quickly staunch the flow of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. (Reuters article) One should give Kennedy his due as a stanch fighter for what he believed in, (political website called American Power) the senator †¦ is a stanch supporter of the right to hunt and the right to bear arms. (USAToday) Here are some examples from writers who do observe the distinction: †¦he was a staunch friend of Polands Jewish community. Staunch anti-Castro U.S. congressman to retire Hospitality, government jobs help stanch D.C. unemployment tide part of the Sixth SS Panzer Armee embarking for the Eastern Front to try to stanch the Russian advance. Does it matter? At least one recent grammar test, the Dow Jones Grammar Test 2009, includes an item that requires a choice between stanch and staunch. (You must enter an email address in order to access the test.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know"Have" vs "Having" in Certain Expressions7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

The Movie Crash Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Movie Crash - Essay Example The movie avoids conversations leading to the topic on racism the author and journalist Jeff Chang tends to feature the practice as an â€Å"abomination to Hollywood subsequent to 9/11.†When an individual watch the movie for the first time; elements of race and prejudice appears evidently present. In as much as, the movie constantly talks about the issue of shoving racism, it ends up contradicting the message as the movie constantly voices, the advantages and superiority; that the whites enjoys in the film (Haggis et al, 24). The whites in the movie crash tend to enjoy superior positions, both in social class and economic settings. White characters such as; Jean and Rick Cabot, acted by Sandra Bullock with Brendan Fraser correspondingly, appear as prominent individuals in L.A socialites; characters like Rick, works as the District Attorney of Los Angeles (Haggis et al, 124). The society in the film comprises wealthy black producers like Cameron Thayer (Terence Howard), who des pite their wealthy status, experiences social insecurity. Tony Danza, a television chief producer, another white character tells Thayer, who appears black; to ensure that one of his actors brings out a â€Å"more black† personality as the character must appear â€Å"as the dumb one.† Characters like John Ryan, who appears to be played by Matt Dillion, and Tom Hasan Played by Ryan Phillippe appear as police detectives in the Los Angeles Police Department. The film clearly depicts that no white character that is seen struggling with financial discomforts. At this juncture, most of the alternative characters appear as impoverished or defenseless socially in the society (Haggis et al, 110). Michael Pena’s, acts as Daniel, a young Hispanic, family man, who has a young daughter appears as a working class. The daughter appears to sleep under the bed, on hearing the gun shots, the audience, which scared her. Her fears come the incident when a bullet penetrated into her room, in their former old house they had just vacated; Daniel later comments saying that the area’s neighborhood appeared as insecure (Haggis et al, 124). He operates for a 24-hour locksmith who leaves for a call at jean and Rick Cabot’s residence; he bumps into two youthful Black car thieves named Antony (Ludacris) and peter (Latez Tate). Jean demands the change of the locks as she believes that Daniel might give the key to his supposed friends, appearing as members of the gang. Daniel overhears the statement that Jean made as he was in the down Hall way. Daniel is also seen fixing Farhad’s convenience store’s back door. Daniel tells the store owner that the door requires replacement; the idea appears to disturb Farhad, the older Persian man, engages in business, misinterprets Daniel’s quest. Daniel and Fahad end up shouting at each other; at this juncture, Fahad terms Daniel as a fraudulent man (Haggis et al, 111). There exists another Officer na med Ryan; Ryan’s encounters a situation where he must contend with racism. The racism originates from Ryan father’s retrogress in life. Ryan appears underprivileged, in a way that he struggles to get the basic items including food and shelter. These appears as movie demonstration, despite the fact that, they appear slightly exaggerated, displaying how the wealthy individuals resides in the States (Haggis et al, 122). Contrary, the whites enjoy a distinct group comprising of Americans

Medication Errors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Medication Errors - Research Paper Example Nurses make errors when giving medications in any of these stages with most of the errors being done at the prescribing stage. Most errors that nurses do however are the administering errors that make up 26-32% of total medication errors (Unver et al, 2012). The most unfortunate thing about these errors is that they have not been intercepted by anyone but recent technological advancements focus on reducing them. It can be argued that most nurses do not conduct these errors knowingly as there are many factors that contribute to the medication errors. One factor that makes nurses make errors in administering medication is having wrong patient details. It is essential for a nurse to have all the information about a patient as it determines things like the dosage he or he is given. A patient can conceal to a nurse that he or she is allergic to various medication and in the event the nurse prescribes to the patient a medicine that would trigger an allergic reaction, a case of medication errors arises (Lan et al, 2014). Environmental factors also make nurses make medication errors. A nurse is likely to make a mistake in administering medication in working environments that are not conducive. There are high chances that a nurse working in a cluttered environment will make a medication error when administering or preparing drugs. If a nurse is preparing a drug in a poorly lit place, he or she will certainly make a mistake. The extensive learning that nursing students go through when learning does not make them be in a position where they can recognize and differentiate every drug in the market and this makes them confuse some drugs. There are incidents where nurses mistake certain drugs that have the same packaging and recommend them to innocent patient (Cheragi et al, 2013). To help reduce this confusion, the companies making these medicines should differentiate the drugs as much as

Introduction to Operation Management Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Operation Management Essay If you would like to choose an organization that is NOT from the above list, please consult your professor. For SLP 1, identify the following by writing a paper (with paragraphs, including an introductory, body, and concluding section): 1) The organizations name and main line of business, 2) A specific type of operations process that takes place there (either service or product), 3) Describe the nature of the operations given your newfound understanding of operations management and productivity. 4) You may identify the strategy or global strategy of that organization. Feel free to consult background readings, browse our library to find more articles, and check the relevant websites to support your argument. Introduction An organization efficiency and effectiveness are necessary to surface in this new era of business where maintaining a competitive edge is the difference between succeeding and faltering. In this paper I will describe and analyze the operation management by describing and analyzing the different operations management perspectives and its productivity. Body The organization I have chosen to study and analyze is Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., their line of business is retail. Since Wal-Mart is one of the top supermarket chains in the country exporting to 27 countries and sells a large number of products, the company runs on multiple levels and since some products have different regulations than other obviously the operation management has tuned to the specific needs of the product. Not only has the operation management pertained not only for goods but also for services. Since 2009, The Sustainability Consortium (TSC) and Wal-Mart have worked together to create a system that measure and report the sustainability of products by developing tools to enhance the capacity to comprehend and state the environmental, social, and economic effects of products. This process of researching product sustainability is used to expand knowledge of top grossing products and find out how to improve the quality of the products. By improving the quality they can manufacture better products at a lower cost and sell it the same of higher price increasing profits. On the other hand, by testing product sustainability new eco-friendly products can be produce and lower the environmental impact while still satisfying consumer demand. The second step is researching the consumer, what they think about the product and how the product is used. This enables manufacturing companies to meet the consumer needs. After all the researcher is done, new found data is combined with new tools to produce better product quality and transparency creating a stronger trust between Wal-Mart and its customer. The nature of this operation is based on the idea of lowering costs while maintaining profits. By researching the products they learn the ins and outs of how it is made, the costs of production, and the sustainability of the product. This allows them to look into cheaper methods and materials while still maintain same safety, health and environmental standards. Furthermore when they research the consumer, they find out what the consumer really needs and provide more to fill that need. Whatever profits are saved they can invest into better tools, production equipment, or anything used to further advance the company. The global strategy (as well as general strategy) is to invest in lower prices. By expanding the types of products sold and bringing back assortments the customer base is expanded, since now the convenience of finding everything you need in one place is available. When this convenience is combined with lower prices, it makes Wal-Mart a retail juggernaut that will be nearly impossible to top. Conclusion In conclusion, operations management is a key tool in controlling all aspects of a business. By managing operations you can cut costs, accidents, or even increase profits. An example would be Wal-Mart’s product sustainability management. By investing in this process they have advanced their company in many aspects, giving them an advantage in their business. References Plenert, Gerhard J. (2002). International Operations Management. Retrieved January 17, 2013 at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/tourou/search.action?p00=International +Operations+ManagementfromSearch=fromSearchsearch=Search Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2012) 2012 Annual Report. Retrieved on January 17, 2013 at: http://www.walmartstores.com/sites/annual-report/2012/CEOletter.aspx Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2012) Global Responsibility. Sustainability Index. Retrieved on January 17, 2013 at: http://corporate.walmart.com/global-responsibility/environment-sustainability/sustainability-index

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane Eyre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By Charlotte Bronte 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  End of Chapter Ten My favorite character at this time in the novel, is Jane Eyre. A new chapter in her life was about to begin when she was accepted for the position as a governess, for a small child at Thornfield Hall. She has come a long way from her days abandoned by her cruel aunt and treated poorly by her cousins. After her school days at Lowood, she wanted a brighter and more independent life for herself. She has had the strength to be strong and confident through it all. The characters that I disliked were her Aunt Reed and her cousins. Her aunt abandoned her, did not treat her as the other children and locked her up the majority of the time. Her cousin John would constantly cause her physical and emotional harm, while cousins Georgiana and Eliza preferred to ignore her. Jane had spent eight years at Lowood Institution and suffered many hardships. Her life is saddened when her best and only friend, Helen Burns, dies at Lowood from sickness. Fortunately Jane wants a better life for herself, and ventures out into the world. I do like this work so far because it is interesting to see what will happen to Jane and where her life will lead. Charlotte Bronte's style does tend to be a little dull in some parts of the novel, from too much emphasis on minor events to much detail in some areas of the novel that is not relevant. I do think that Jane will enjoy the new life she has made for herself, this being a different experience. End of Chapter Twenty-Eight Jane is still my favorite character in the novel. She makes you want to reach your heart out to her with all that she experiences. The novel centers around her and her life, she has to be the favored character. I disliked Mr. Rochester when he was first introduced, always being cold, stiff, and difficult towards Jane. As the days pass, Jane does feel the intensity of love build between her and Mr. Rochester. They eventually make their way to the church to be married, when the dark and terrible secret is revealed. Lurking in the attic of Thornfield Hall, is Mr. Rochester's insane, maniac wife Bertha. She is a character to despise throwing tantrums, setting Rochester's bedroom on fire, tearing Jane's veil to shreds, and stabbing and biting her own brother Richard.

Firing an Employee

Week One Assignment Terrence Rice In any situation when it comes to a supervision position it takes face to face communication with the employee. From previous experience I have done all the things described in the assignment. There was an employee named David I had to terminate because of cutbacks in the company. Here is how I handled that situation; David can you come to my office please? When he arrived I told him, you remember in the staff meeting we discussed how many jobs were going to be cut from the company and it would go by hire date.So your number came up during the time frame so due to company policy I have to give you your pink slip take it to the unemployment office and you can get your unemployment. I also remember when the economy was in good shape and I welcomed David to the company. Jennifer the main secretary presented him to me and I said, Welcome to R & R transportation, my name is Terrence Rice and I am your supervisor.David paused as I held my hand out as we sh ook hands I told him what he was responsible for and how we did things. I personally trained him and released him to be on his own. When they told us the company was selling out to another company I wrote due to the process the company is going through and my disagreement with the process I must submit my two week notice and advise the owners of my resignation effective Oct. 12th, 2002.

Global 1 Review Sheet

Global Review Sheet- FINALS * Anthropologist- someone who studies culture * Neolithic revolution agriculture; no more nomads; settlements * River Valley Civilizations (all the civilizations had 2 rivers except for Egypt) * Mesopotamia * Tigris and Euphrates rivers * Egypt * The Nile river * Indus * The Indus and Ganges rivers * China * Huang He and Yangtze rivers * Mesopotamia * Cuneiform * Code of Hammurabi * The laws were the same for all citizens but the punishment were different depending on what social class you belonged to. * Egypt * Hieroglyphics * Pyramids China * Daoism * The Silk Road * The mandate of heaven * Filial piety * Indus * Hinduism * Irrigation * Religion Monotheistic| Judaism(5,000 years old)| Christianity(2012 years old)| Islam(1400 years old)| Place of Worship| Temple| Church| Mosque| Book of Worship| Torah| Bible| Koran| Code of Behavior| 10 commandments| 5 Pillars| * Polytheistic * Hinduism (over 5,00 years old) * Caste system * Reincarnation * Buddhism * Rei ncarnation, karma, dharma * NO CASTE SYSTEM * 8 fold path and nirvana * GREECE *democracy* * Mountains * City states * Cultural diversity * Islands * Trade * Resources Easily invaded * Mediterranean climate * Alexander the Great * Conquered India, Egypt, and Persia (modern Iran) * Cultural diffusion * Helenistic * Greek + Persian * MIDDLE AGES (500 AD)- fall of the roman empire * Very unstable * Feudalistic : to keep order; stable political system * Manorialism * Castle * Church (Roman Catholic Church; in charge of everything; more power than the king) * Farmland (serf worked the land) * CRUSADES (religious wars) * People joined because they were promised that they would go to heaven * Resulted in cultural diffusion * PLAGUE * Killed ? he population of Europe(short term effect) * Broke down feudalism (long) * Ended the middle ages (long) * JAPAN * Archipelago (trade, resources, invasion) * Mountains (terrace farming) * Ring of Fire (afraid of nature shintoism (1 religion that respec ts nature; 2 started with the Ring of Fire and then the Japanese started praying to other things) * European FeudalismJapanese Feudalism * MONGOLIAN EMPIRE (good military, order, flat land=easy travel) * Largest empire * Very accepting of other cultures * Isolated Russia from Europe * Cultural diffusion * **Kublai khan and Marco Polo RENASANCE * Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture * Humanism- when the focus is on the individual * Secularism- non religious * Reasoning- people looked to other things when god was no longer a sufficient answer. Ex)science and questioning religion * AZTEC (Mexico) * Calendar and chinampas * MAYAS (Central America) * Calendar and pyramids * INCAS (Peru) * Machu Pichu * Terrace farming * Roads * TRADE ROUTES * Silk road * Connected China with the Middle East and Europe * The Middle East was the middle man; the only way Europe could get goods from China was through the Middle East and that was pricey. The silk road carried silk, spices, Buddhism, Confucianis m, and caused cultural diffusion, * Trans Sahara Trade * Carried gold, salt, and Islamic religion * Between North and West Africa. * Colombian Exchange * Included Europe and America * To Europe: food * To America: forced Christianity and disease * Triangular Trade * Included Europe, Africa, and America * Africa supplied slaves to work the crops without pay * The slaves were exploited * Atlantic Slave Trade * America and Africa * PROTESTANT REFORMATION * Martin Luther- 95 theses- complaints to church- pope said that he won't change- Lutheran

How to Ask Questions in Italian

How to Ask Questions in Italian Who is Carlo? Where is the train station? What time is it? Why do Italians talk with their hands? How do you make gnocchi? These are all questions that you’ll likely need to ask when you are in Italy or speaking Italian, and so you’re going to need to understand the basics of how to ask questions. Here Are the Basics Chi? - Who? Whom?Che?/Cosa? - What?Quando? - When?Dove? - Where?Perchà ©? - Why?Come? - How?Qual/Quali? - Which?Quanto/a/i/e? - How much? TIP: In questions beginning with an interrogative word, the subject or the personal pronoun  is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Quando arriva Michele? When does Michael arrive? Let’s take a look at how these vocabulary words are used in real life conversation. Chi Prepositions such as a, di, con, and per always precede the interrogative word â€Å"chi.† In Italian, a question never ends with a preposition. Chi à ¨ lui? - Who is he?Chi parla? - Who is speaking? (on the phone)Chi sono? - Who are they?/Who am I?Con chi hai cenato ieri sera? - With whom did you have dinner last night? Che/Cosa â€Å"Che† and â€Å"cosa† are abbreviated forms of the phrase â€Å"che cosa†. The forms are interchangeable. A che ora? - At what time?Che lavoro fa? - What work do you do? (formal)Cosa ti piace di pià ¹ della cucina toscana? - What’s your favorite Tuscan dish?Cos’à ¨ questo? - What is this? As you can see with the last example, sometimes the conjugation of the verb â€Å"essere†, in this case â€Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ , can combine with the question word â€Å"cosa†. Quando Quando parti per l’Italia? - When do you leave for Italy? (informal)Quand’à ¨ il tuo compleanno? - When is your birthday? (informal)Quando à ¨ arrivata lei?/Lei quando à ¨ arrivata? - When did she arrive? Dove Di dove sei? - Where are you from? (informal)Dove hai lasciato gli occhiali?  - Where did you leave your glasses?Dove si trova una gelateria? - Where does one find an ice cream shop?Dov’à ¨ la stazione dei treni? - Where is the train station? As you can see with the last example, sometimes the conjugation of the verb â€Å"essere†, in this case â€Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ , can combine with the question word â€Å"dove†. Perchà © Perchà © sei in Italia? - Why are you in Italy? (informal)Perchà © studia l’Italiano? - Why are you studying Italian? (formal) Come Come sta? - How are you? (formal)Come si chiama? - What is your name? (formal)Com’à ¨ un giorno perfetto, secondo te? - What is a perfect day according to you? (informal) Qual/Quali As with all adjectives, agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for â€Å"che†, which doesn’t change. Qual à ¨ il suo segno zodiacale? - What is your zodiac sign? (formal)Quali sono i tuoi interessi? - What are your interests? (informal) Quanto/a/i/e As with all adjectives, agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for â€Å"che†, which doesn’t change. Quant’à ¨? - How much is it?Quanto tempo ci vuole per arrivare a Firenze? - How long does it take to arrive in Florence?Da quanto tempo studia l’italiano? - How long have you been studying Italian? (formal)Quante persone vivono a Roma? - How many people live in Rome?Quanti anni hai? - How old are you? (informal)

South Africas Black Consciousness Movement

South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was an influential student movement in the 1970s in Apartheid South Africa. The Black Consciousness Movement promoted a new identity and politics of racial solidarity  and became the voice and spirit of the anti-apartheid movement at a time when both the African National Congress and the Pan-Africanist Congress had been banned in the wake of the Sharpeville Massacre. The BCM reached its zenith in the Soweto Student Uprising of 1976  but declined quickly afterward. Rise of the Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement began in 1969 when African students walked out of the National Union of South African Students, which was multiracial but white-dominated, and founded the South African Students Organization (SASO). The SASO was an explicitly non-white organization open to students classified as African, Indian, or Coloured under Apartheid Law. It was to unify non-white students and provide a voice for their grievances, but the SASO spearheaded a movement that reached far beyond students. Three years later, in 1972, the leaders of this Black Consciousness Movement formed the Black People’s Convention (BPC) to reach out to and galvanize adults and non-students. Aims and Forerunners of the BCM Loosely speaking, the BCM aimed to unify and uplift non-white populations, but this meant excluding a previous ally, liberal anti-apartheid whites. As Steve Biko, the most prominent Black Consciousness leader, explained, when militant nationalists said that white people did not belong in South Africa, they meant that â€Å"we wanted to remove [the white man] from our table, strip the table of all trappings put on it by him, decorate it in true African style, settle down and then ask him to join us on our own terms if he liked.† The elements of Black pride and celebration of black culture linked the Black Consciousness Movement back to the writings of W. E. B. Du Bois, as well as the ideas of pan-Africanism and La Negritude movement. It also arose at the same time as the Black Power movement in the United States, and these movements inspired each other; Black Consciousness was both militant and avowedly non-violent. The Black Consciousness movement was also inspired by the success of the FRELIMO in Mozambique.   Soweto and the Afterlives of the BCM The exact connections between the Black Consciousness Movement and the Soweto Student Uprising are debated, but for the Apartheid government, the connections were clear enough. In the aftermath of Soweto, the Black People’s Convention and several other Black Consciousness movements were banned and their leadership arrested, many after being beaten and tortured, including Steve Biko who died in police custody. The BPC was partially resurrected in the Azania People’s Organization, which is still active in South African politics. Sources Steve, Biko, I Write What I like: Steve Biko. A Selection of his Writings, ed. by Aelred Stubbs, African Writers Series. (Cambridge: Proquest, 2005), 69.Desai, Ashwin, â€Å"Indian South Africans and the Black Consciousness Movement under Apartheid.† Diaspora Studies 8.1 (2015): 37-50.  Hirschmann, David. â€Å"The Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.†Ã‚  The Journal of Modern African Studies. 28.1 (Mar., 1990): 1-22.

The Market Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Market Today - Essay Example Shopping today is characterised by binge shopping where marketers entice the modern consumer to shop their products in frenzy (Brown, 1993). As such, the current market is characterised by increased urge to consume not to satisfy a need by but for pleasure and in seeking identity as a postmodern consumer. Some of the characterized changes that have occurred in the market over the time could be grouped into modernism, critical and postmodernism eras, which have put different demands on than e-marketing function, as a response to evolving marketing needs and business operating environments. This paper outlines the three eras with the various changes that reshaped the marketing function and the respective environmental demands from the market that precipitated such changes. Critical thinking represented a significant step in business operations where scholars and researchers studied the contemporary organisation in finer details to understand how productivity could be improved. Winslow Fredrick Taylor, a management consultant, mainly concerned with the ways in which the output of any firm would be enhanced significantly, first developed the theory (Simmons, 2008). The central idea behind Taylors theory was to increase efficiency in the production functions within organisations. As Sedtke (2009) further explains, the theory demanded that work be divided into smaller movements that were highly regularised, resulting in a disciplined approach to functions at work. The result was breaking jobs into smaller sections leading to the separation of workers from each other and specialization of tasks (Tsukamoto, 2007).  

Managing Innovation by Cross-Functional Teams Research Proposal - 1

Managing Innovation by Cross-Functional Teams - Research Proposal Example Corporate strategy in effect maps out the businesses in which an organisation intends to compete in a way that focuses resources to convert distinctive capabilities into competitive advantage. (Andrews, 1997). In this vein, managing a cross-functional team requires considerable skills as effective teamwork is seldom an automatic process. Organizational change or change in general can be defined from a variety of points depending on the perception of the user. An individual or employee in an organization may look at a new post or position as a change while higher management may feel it is unimportant. (Cao et al, 2000, p187). Changes viewed also by management may also not be looked upon as change by outsiders like competitors or suppliers. This has led to the categorizing of change in various ways, some of which include strategic and non-strategic change, incremental and radical change, changes of identity, co-ordination and control, planned and emergent change, change in terms of scale, human-centered change in terms of individual, group and inter-group or organizational level, quantum change and so on. (Cao et al, 2000, p187; Todnem, 2005, p372). Innovation is a management change process. There is a growing number of existing literatures on value drivers, core competences, and success factors in an organisation. E.g. Sim & Ali (1998) compared the attributes and performance of firms from developed countries with those from developing countries within the same industry, Park & Russo (1996) focus on the differential impact of firm’s size to its success and parents shareholders value, Hagan (1998) and Prahalad & Hamel (1990) focus on the core competence of an organisation however, none of these studies has addressed the qualities and salient features with respect to a particular organisation. Under today’s fierce competition it has become increasingly necessary to probe

Information and Organizational knowledge slp Assignment

Information and Organizational knowledge slp - Assignment Example Though arguably, it is a proven fact that businesses in the modern world cannot thrive successfully without the use of information system. As a result, information system has become part and parcel of good businesss operational component. This is proven by the fact that, information system has lots of benefits to any organization that one even wonders what could become of such an entity without it. Some of the benefits of an information system in an organization include the fact that, its use leads to higher satisfaction in customers due to service delivery by organizations. Information system also helps organizations to access wider range of information, deal with the changes in business at a greater speed, and also increase the workers productivity. It is, for this reason, expected that an effective information system should exceed the expectation of customers and meet most of the needs of the business. We tend to use information system in most of our day-to-day activities sometimes knowingly while sometimes we apply it without knowing. For example, we use production and purchasing system that help us with calculating the required amount of raw material for a particular bunch of products (Jim, 2012). At the same time, we use billing systems after production as supplies, to send invoices to customers informing them on how much the goods supplied to them costs for them to pay. The employees who helped in the production system of these products also need to be paid. Some are paid on a daily basis, weekly and even monthly basis. Their payroll needs to be developed. All these functions are examples of information system that fall under the Transaction Processing Systems. After the transaction is completed, there are reports that are obtained. These reports can bear the details of materials that were used for production such as the number of materials used, cost, description,

Global Capitalism and the Environment

Global Capitalism and the Environment Tong Huong Ly Abstract: A lot of researchers have examined the connection between capitalism and environmentalism. In this paper, I draw on those resources to build my argument. Firstly, I argue that capitalism has encouraged environmentalism by blurring boarders and distance. In particular, technological advances have supported interconnections between places and allowed people to work together to protect the environment. This point is supported by (1) the analysis of environmental justice and (2) the example of social media in environmental protest. Secondly, I contend that, capitalism has also strengthened the specificity of places. Climate change’s effects vary between nations, as well as, local regions. Environmental justice is revisited, with an example of the aftermath of Katrina Hurricane in New Orleans. I expand my argument by discussing the different ability of countries to reduce climate change, hence, different approaches must be developed. I conclude that when facing environmen talism, even though capitalism has significantly reduced border barriers and imposed a sense of placelessness, human experiences are still shaped by local geographies. Thus, the role of places is a topic worth a close look. KEY WORDS: capitalism, globalisation, environmentalism, dislocation, local geography. Research Scope: Theoretical aspect: Environmental justice is defined as ‘an attempt to broaden the definition and scope of environmentalism to include basic needs of poor and politically less powerful group.’ This promotes equality for all humans, regardless of their locations (Scholesberg, 2007). Geographical areas: Social media: Twitter played an important role in the Protest at 2009 United Nations Climate Summit in Copenhagen (#thewave). Twitter provides a cyber space that connects people from different places around the world. Activists can utilise this to structure and enable the protest to take place (Ward, 2009). This is an evidence of how technological advances, developed by capitalism, can overcome distance barriers and connect people, thus, encouraging the social movement of environmental justice. (Segerberg Bennett, 2011) The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans: Human experiences after the hurricane are distinguished by their level of wealth. In particular, affluent people are able to hire workers to return to New Orleans and hire workers to set up and clean their houses. Meanwhile, poor working class could not rely on anyone to do the work but themselves (Allen, 2007). This is a proof of environmental injustice, which signifies how human experiences can be shaped by local geographies. Essay plan: I, Introduction (200 words): Introduce key arguments. II, Body (1550 words): 1, A sense of dislocation (800 words): Explain how capitalism had affected to environmentalism in a global scale: a, Capitalism’s bad effects on the environment: (200 words) Capitalism has led to escalating emission of greenhouse gases, land use changes, which has significant effects on a global scale (Clark York, 2005). This experience is shared by all humans and non-humans. b, Capitalism encourages environmentalism: (200 words) Capitalism is a major force for globalisation. Globalisation has supported increasing telecommunication, which allows countries to work together to reduce climate change. Use example: Earth Summit. Leaders of many countries come together to discuss the most suitable course of actions for environmentalism development. This transcends borders. (United Nations, 1992, 2002) Internet interconnects people in different places. People come together in one cyber space to discuss environmentalism and take actions. Distance is minimised. c, Link to environmental justice: (200 words) Define environmental justice Explain Scholosberg’s environmental justice approach. (Scholesberg, 2007) => Everybody works towards a better outcome for environment and humans, aiming to achieve equality regardless of places. d, An example of environmental justice movement : (200 words) Environmental justice is not only a research subject but also a social movement that relies on collective actions. Use example: Twitter’s role (#thewave) in the protest at 2009 United Nations Climate Summit in Copenhagen (Segerberg Bennett, 2011) Result: 50,000 people turned out to the march. It was ‘the biggest climate change march in the world ever!’ (Stop Climate Change Chaos Coalition, 2009) => Social media have blurred barriers and borders. 2, Specifity of places still exist (750 words): a, Capitalism leads to environmental injustice in different nations/ locations (250 words): Global scale: Developed countries try to dump waste to developing countries. Use Chief of World Bank’s quote in 1991 (Frey, 1998). Developing countries are forced to face more by environmental threats. Use World Health Organisation statistics (Frechette, 2002). b, Link to environmental justice (250 words): National scale: minority communities are affected more. Use New Orleans (a local scale) as case study. Human experiences are shaped by their level of wealth (Allen, 2007). c, Different ability to address environmentalism: (250 words) The ability to reduce climate change differs amongst countries. Eg: Developed countries with advanced technology are able to do more than developing countries (Mikler Harrison, 2012). ‘Internet is global in its reach, but territorially uneven in its layout’ (Castells, 2001: 209). Infrastructure differs, leading to uneven access to online social movement. Each country must have different approaches to climate change. Experiences are still highlighted by local geographies. III, Conclusion (200 words): Summarise key arguments. Suggest the importance of places in environmentalism approach. Reference list: Allen, B. L. (2007). Environmental justice, local knowledge, and after-disaster planning in New Orleans.Technology in Society,29(2), 153-159. Castells, M. (2002).The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press, 209. Clark, B., York, R. (2005). Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift.Theory and Society,34(4), 391-428. Frechette, K.S (2002). Environmental justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracry. Oxford University Press, 10-11. Frey, R. S. (1998). The export of hazardous industries to the peripheral zones of the world-system.Journal of Developing Societies,14(1), 66-81. Mikler, J., Harrison, N. E. (2012). Varieties of capitalism and technological innovation for climate change mitigation.New Political Economy,17(2), 179-208. Repetto, R. (1990).Paying the price: pesticide subsidies in developing countries. World Resources Institute. Scholte, J. A. (1997). Global capitalism and the state.International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 427-452. Schlosberg, D. (2008).Defining environmental justice. Prescott College. Segerberg, A., Bennett, W. L. (2011). Social media and the organization of collective action: Using Twitter to explore the ecologies of two climate change protests.The Communication Review,14(3), 197-215. Stop Climate Chaos Coalition (2009). Retrieved from https://www.stopclimatechaos.org/ The United Nations (1992), Earth Summit Conference. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html. Ward, M. (2009). Twitter on the front line. BBC.

Abortion should be illegal :: essays research papers

Abortion should be Illegal The words of an unborn baby are ones that almost no one ever thinks of, or hears. One of this country's most controversial topics is abortion. However, if one sees the constitutional infringement to women by the restriction of abortion; the torment to the unwanted child; and the anguish society has to sustain, then this topic would not be so debatable. Too many people do not see the effect that abortions cause. It is a very dangerous offence that affects the mother, father, the community, and most importantly, the fetus, and that is why abortion should be illegal in Canada. First, abortion is against God’s law in many Holy books such as the Bible and the Quran. Secondly, abortion does not only affect the individual, but the community as a whole, and the rights of those people are infringed on. However, abortion does nothing in the cases of rape, or women’s rights, which is the constant argument people in favour of abortion argue. And lastly, abortion should be seen for what it is, murder. What gives us the right to decide who should live and who should die? That is God's decision. The fetus, the innocent human life whose only protection in the world is its mother's womb can no longer feel protected because even its very own mother could have it murdered. Yet that baby did nothing to deserve to have its life snatched away so suddenly. How can a tiny baby who can feel, breathe, and move be condemned to die without ever saying or doing anything wrong? In our constitution, we are all given the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Why is it that a baby is not given these rights as well?

The Great Power of Hellsberry!

As the chilled whisper of wind hits the side of my face, I realised how dazzling, and inspiring this village I was in, really was. The moon shone brightly and luxurious in the sky. It was like a slice of cheese sitting there, ready for it to be taken, and eaten up whole. The colour of blues in the mid-night atmosphere, made it look like the deep ocean. Gentle and tranquil, it stood there, for people's eyes to gleam up, with the brightest of tones that it revealed to the world. The stars stood out of place, with its glittering and scintillating sparkle of light, like a Christmas tree ready for the blissful times to come in life. The folks looked up and gasped how astonishing the heavens looked, on this crisp and cold night. The gigantic mountains were covered with white gleaming snow. It lay there, waiting for the hands of children to pick it up, and be thrown at one another. The snow as I picked it up, rubbed against the smoothness of my hands. Making them feel bitterly cold, which sent shivers and tingles right through the tips of my fingers. The black night sky looked very gloomy, as the mist disguised the peak of the mountains. The dull mist made the mountains look very icy and dangerous for anyone bidding to enter this treacherous unknown land. It appeared very ‘alien', as you did not know where the sky ended and where the darkness of the land started. The village folk were kept warm as they had their fires alight. The glow from the fires shone through the windows of every house, which reflected a stream of ripples on the surface of the snow, making tiny little crystals glisten and sparkle, just like diamonds. Lanterns glow by the sides of beds, shinning through the rooms, making the village beam with warmth, against the background of the dreary hours of darkness. The eye of the beholder could see how magnificent the snow really was. There was a sign of some kind that was partly rotted, and had been blown down by fierce winds. It was covered in snow, and on the edges icicles had formed. I wondered to myself what this mysterious piece of wood was. I scraped the snow and ice off with my bare hands, and it said Welcome to Hellsberry! The name of this place sounded very familiar, I knew I had heard it before, but where? Then it came into my mind. An old and wise woman once told me about a cave that was near the heart of Hellsberry. A small and mystical cave that lay hidden away in the mountains, near a lake that was frozen all through the year, even in summer. Dead rotting trees lay helpless around the lake, with their brown crinkled leaves blown away by the cold and ferocious winds. No animals strolled through this desolate place any more. It used to be a beautiful and tranquil place. The valley was green and lush, with brightly coloured and sweet smelling flowers which danced happily to the gentle breeze. Here, all types of animals would come and graze on the long green grass, and laze around under the warmth of the sun shinning above. The deep blue river was plentiful with lots of different sized fish. With its fresh clear water slashing against the side of rocks, making ripples as it gently meandered down hill. The waterfall cascaded over rocks, by the side where tropical flowers grew. Deers would stride up to the lake to drink from it, while birds would be flying around, chirping and singing to each other. I wanted to find out if this story she told me was really true or not. I arrived at the foot of the mountains, which were a dangerous and risky place for any of mankind to face, after it came and made home in the mountains. Even if mankind were the strongest and bravest on earth, nothing could outwit and defeat this creature of wisdom, fire and great power. It was a creature that many of the villagers were afraid of. After it came, the place of so much beauty turned to something dark and dismal. Leaves dropped off rotted trees, animals ran like their enemy was chasing after them, the waterfall turned brown and died, flowers were crushed and damaged; the river froze over as the chilled air passed through it. The creature did this but for how long would it carry on? Every full moon for the last 300 years, as the night grew dark, and the bright elegant stars appeared in the mid-night sky, a ball of raging fire would move about the black night background. A glowing of bright and angry colours made the village come to light as it reflected down on this innocent and helpless place. It grew bigger and brighter every time it appeared in the eyes of the people, and also the people grew more scared every time it was upon them. They had fought bravely against this creature, but failed to keep it away or even destroy it. I was going to change this. The creature lived in the caves upon the white glossy snow of the mountains. The caves ran for miles along the ridge of the mountains, with numerous turns and winding passage ways. Fire lived in the centre of this mountain, it was the biggest and tallest of all. Hell was placed here for no one to find and seek. The cave was cut deep down amongst snow and ice. Around the area of this large mountain, were frequent snow blizzards. This gave the creature vital protection, as no mankind could reach it. I advanced towards this unknown mountain. There was a collage of deep, dark, grey clouds that gradually got bigger and more furious by the minute, with its forceful power waiting to grasp at anybody entering this place of immorality. As I advanced further up the mountain I could feel the ice cold snow against the side of my face. I forced myself through the extreme weather conditions of the blizzard. The snow was dragging me to the centre of hell. The pain of the cold grew within me. The noise of the screeching wind passed through the inside of my red frozen ears, like a thousand animals running from what they are a most afraid of in their lives. I ran towards the jagged shaped mouth in the cave, with my soul being pulled back behind me to the centre of the storm. The snow got heavier and heavier, as I got further to the cave. There I saw a glimmer of light, making the cave light up through the white background. I got further to the middle of hell where this powerful and unpredictable creature awaits. Its life time was about to end. The cave smelled of dead human remains that had been there for centuries, blood was splattered against the sides of the rough toothed rocks. Bones lay in the corner, one on top of each other, I felt more fearful as time went on, and as I discovered more about the secrets behind the cave. There lay a fire in the middle of the walls. I started to feel vibration under my feet. Something big was coming towards me, I did not know what to expect. It appeared from behind me, a tall dark mysterious figure. It moved closer and closer. I moved back, tripping up over a rock, with blood on it. I banged my head. I was on the floor. My head lay there. I couldn't move. The creature moved even closer. Blood poured down the side of my head. I felt faint. A black figure was in front of me. My eyes closed. I thought to myself what was it?

Laertes and Polonius Essay

When Ophelia tells her father of Hamlet’s â€Å"holy vows from heaven,† his harsh rebuke â€Å"springes to catch woodcocks† likens her to a game bird considered to be foolish. He later speaks of her as if she were nothing more than an animal; â€Å"I’ll loose my daughter to him† (II. ii. 160) which again indicates his lack of respect for his daughter. He and Claudius were concerned only with Hamlet and so she becomes lost in a â€Å"sea of troubles. † Ophelia highlights key themes in the play, building on the ideas of deception, corruption and patriarchy that run through it. Two central themes of the play are deception and the problem of making a distinction between appearance and reality. Few things in the play are what they seem to be; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are apparently Hamlet’s friends, but are in fact spies commissioned by Claudius. There is a play within ‘Hamlet’ itself. Spying or eavesdropping occurs and â€Å"smiling villains† referred to. The actions of Ophelia also highlight this idea in a variety of ways. Ophelia is also used to portray the theme by the use of imagery. Polonius instructs her to â€Å"read on this book, / that show of such an exercise may colour / your loneliness. We are oft to blame in this, / ’tis too much proved, that with devotion’s visage / and pious action we do sugar o’er /the devil himself† (III. i. 44-49). This shows how a holy face can be put on something to cover evil deeds. The expressions of love may appear truthful to Ophelia, who speaks of Hamlet’s ‘affection’ for her, but (if Polonius and Laertes are to be believed) in reality they may be false, concealing less honourable intentions. Polonius swears that the ‘tenders of (Hamlet’s) affections’ for her are mere ‘brokers, not of that dye which their investments show / But mere implorators of unholy suits. † They may be traps, ‘springes to catch woodcocks. ‘ Ophelia also attempts to deceive Hamlet when she partakes in her father’s attempt to discover the cause of Hamlet’s unusual behaviour. She appears to be alone and lies that her father is â€Å"at home† when in reality he is eavesdropping on their conversation. As previously discussed, Ophelia may only appear to be a naive, innocent maid and be, in reality, the very opposite. In addition, her true madness contrasts with and therefore highlights the false nature of Hamlet’s. Hamlet comments upon how â€Å"God hath given you /one face, and you make yourselves another† and Ophelia does present various ‘faces’ to different characters, according to her relationship to them- acting innocent with her father, yet far less so in dealings with Hamlet. Hamlet also refers to the masking of reality by Ophelia when he says â€Å"I have heard of your paintings-† Hamlet believes that Ophelia may be deceiving him. If the interpretation that she commits suicide is correct, then the innocent imagery is another expression of the theme of illusion: her death appears to be an accident, but in reality is not. Through the play runs the idea of necessity of revenge for the cleansing of social corruption. This corruption is portrayed in Ophelia’s demise, which also hints at the downfall of Elsinore. Imagery Hamlet adopts in his first soliloquy implies general corruption of the world and he states that â€Å"things rank and gross in nature / Possess it† (I.ii. 136-137). He therefore aims to cleanse what is rotten in Denmark, but his failure to do so allows the triumph of disease and decay. Laertes warns Ophelia that â€Å"virtue itself ‘scapes not calumnious strokes,/ the canker galls the infants of the spring. † In addition to Shakespeare employing many images of disease and decay, he also includes several expressions relating to physical deterioration such as â€Å"the fatness of these pursy times† (III. iv. 154) and â€Å"the drossy age† (V. ii. 181). Ophelia’s own deterioration accentuates the theme but while all others perish due to their weaknesses, her demise is brought about by her virtues. Ophelia dies from loving too much and for being too pure. The potential of a stronger, wiser side to her character (hinted at by her comebacks at Laertes) is never realised. The coarse nature of the songs she sings in her madness shows that the corrupt world has taken its toll on the pure Ophelia. As discussed, throughout the play she represents innocence, emphasised by imagery and language. Her drowning depicts the death of innocence itself, thus indicates Hamlet’s failure and impending disaster for the court. It has been suggested that Shakespeare’s plays â€Å"reflect and voice a masculine anxiety about the uses of patriarchal power over women, specifically about man’s control over woman’s sexuality. i † (i Coppelia Kahn 1981 Man’s Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare). This could indeed be true of ‘Hamlet,’ where the political world of Elsinore is shown not to be a place where women matter much, and this leads to their destruction. They do not have a say in anything; the world is presented as one where men are dominant and, if necessary, prepared to use women (even their own family) to benefit them in terms of power. Ophelia exemplifies this, confused by what is happening around her as she strives to do what Polonius, Laertes and Hamlet want her to. Polonius does not advise Ophelia to be true to herself as he advises Laertes, but points out that Hamlet has the freedom to do as he wishes whereas she does not. She is subject to the double standard of the difference between male and female freedom of choice and action. Laertes is treated very differently by his father in comparison to the lack of regard he shows Ophelia. Ophelia’s wishes are never considered- women had little status. Gertrude, too, has limited influence. Claudius and Polonius wield the power. Both women die but Ophelia’s end bears particular significance because she is driven to it by events she cannot control. Her death indicates the corrupting effects of the male-dominated political realm of Elsinore, in which, as Polonius shows, there is little room for the consideration of love. All of the characters fail in the sinful world of Elsinore, where there is no possibility for a fulfilled life. Ophelia’s demise adds to Shakespeare’s bleak message that evil can triumph. Defeat seems inevitable, whether they accept the conditions of Elsinore and live with the deceitful principles of the political world as Polonius does, or seek out love, as Ophelia does, or attempt to find sense in things, like Hamlet. In conclusion, through Ophelia a greater appreciation of other characters is achievable. She illuminates aspects of Hamlet- his suspicion of women and indecisiveness and, by comparison and contrast with her, also his strength, nobility and sanity. She gives insight into his nature both prior to and following his father’s death, therefore allowing the audience a better understanding of (and more sympathy for) him. Also revealed are aspects of Laertes and Polonius’ characters. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to add more depth to the themes of the play, namely the dangers of patriarchy, illusion and corruption. It is through Ophelia that Shakespeare achieves a genuinely tragic response to the play ‘Hamlet’.

Great Gatsby4 essays

Great Gatsby4 essays Defined by a book of current literary terms, a climax is "the arrangement of a series of ideas or expressions in ascending order of importance or emphasis; the last term of the arrangement; a culmination." Written by F. Scott Fitzgerald during the roaring 20's, The Great Gatsby provides a look into the upper class circle of the East and West Villages of New York City. Known as East and West Egg in the novel, Fitzgerald, through the eyes of bachelor, portrays a cynical view of the high social society and the morality which it lacks. This scarcity of ethics ultimately causes the downfall of their hollow world in a clatter of broken hearts and mislead minds. The climax of The Great Gatsby takes place in a New York Hotel suite when, after many hints toward the reason for Gatsby's company, the true nature of his presence is revealed to Tom Buchanan. Ever since Jay Gatsby returned from World War I, which swept him away from his boyhood love Daisy, he has made every indirect effort to make contact and rekindle her love for him. Even with the knowledge that she is married and leads a separate life from his, Gatsby, without regrets, lives his life for her. When, at long last, he has the chance to interact with Daisy, he capitalizes on it immediately. With the assistance of Jordan Baker and his neighbor Nick Carraway (Daisy's second cousin), Gatsby arranges a meeting with Daisy. At this meeting the two hearts are reunited and again would be one, if not for the plate glass barrier of Daisy's marriage to Tom Buchanan which separates them. Originally held apart by a young boys' ineptitude to provide for a wealthy girl, Daisy is now held back by a seemingly insincere knot of matrimony. This keeps the all important bonds of love to be formed between the two former lovers. Tom, a wealthy man with family history, is enlightened to the existence of this perennial relationship in a slow weave of events which...

Presidential Cabinet and Its Purpose

Presidential Cabinet and Its Purpose A presidential cabinet is a group of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government. Members of the presidential cabinet are nominated by the commander in chief and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.  White House records describe the role of presidential cabinet members as being to advise the president on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each members respective office. There are 23 members of the presidential cabinet, including the vice president of the United States. How the First Cabinet Was Created Authority for the creation of a presidential cabinet is granted in  Article II Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution  gives the president the authority to seek external advisors. It states that the president can require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices. Congress, in turn, determines the number and scope of executive Departments. Who Can Serve on the Presidential Cabinet? A member of the presidential cabinet cannot be a member of Congress or a sitting governor. Article I Section 6 of the U.S. Constitution  states   ... No person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sitting governors, U.S. senators and members of the House of Representatives must resign before being sworn in as a member of the presidential cabinet. How Members Are Chosen The president nominates cabinet officers. The nominees are then presented to the U.S. Senate for confirmation or rejection on a simple majority vote. If approved, the presidential cabinet nominees are sworn in and begin their duties. Who Gets to Sit on the Presidential Cabinet? With the exception of the vice president and attorney general, all cabinet heads are called secretary. The modern cabinet includes the vice president and the heads of 15 executive departments. In addition, seven other individuals have cabinet rank. Those seven others with cabinet rank are the: White House chief of staffEnvironmental Protection Agency administratorOffice of Management Budget directorU.S. Trade Representative ambassadorU.S. Mission to the United Nations ambassadorCouncil of Economic Advisers chairmanSmall Business Administration administrator The secretary of State is the highest-ranking member of the presidential cabinet. The secretary of State is also fourth in the line of succession to the presidency behind the vice president, the speaker of the House and Senate president pro tempore. Cabinet officers serve as the heads of the following executive agencies of the government: AgricultureCommerceDefenseEducationEnergyInteriorJusticeLaborHealth and Human ServicesHomeland SecurityHousing and Urban DevelopmentStateTransportationTreasuryVeterans Affairs History of The Cabinet The presidential cabinet dates to the first American president, George Washington. He appointed a Cabinet of four people: Secretary of State  Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury  Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War  Henry Knox; and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Those four cabinet positions remain the most important to the president to this day. Line of Succession The presidential cabinet is an important part of the presidential line of succession, the process that determines who will serve as president upon the incapacity, death, resignation, or removal from office of a sitting president or a president-elect. The presidential line of succession is spelled out in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. Because of this, it is common practice not to have the entire cabinet in one location at the same time, even for ceremonial occasions such as  the State of the Union Address. Typically, one member of the presidential cabinet serves as the designated survivor, and they are held at a secure, undisclosed location, ready to take over if the president, vice president and the rest of the cabinet are killed. Here is the  line of succession to the presidency: Vice PresidentSpeaker of the House of RepresentativesPresident Pro Tempore of the SenateSecretary of StateSecretary of the TreasurySecretary of DefenseAttorney GeneralSecretary of the InteriorSecretary of AgricultureSecretary of CommerceSecretary of LaborSecretary of Health and Human ServicesSecretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentSecretary of TransportationSecretary of EnergySecretary of EducationSecretary of Veterans AffairsSecretary of Homeland Security