Brazil Allows Police to Buy High Caliber Guns Essay Example for Free

brazil nut Allows Police to Buy High Caliber Guns EssayThe Brazilian military will at one time allow police and firefighters to buy powerful .45 caliber guns for personal use, raising fears over how the weapons will be used and where they might end up.Prior to the ruling, sole(prenominal) national police were permitted to buy .45 caliber weapons, while other police agencies carried less lethal .40 or .38 weapons. The new regulations open the way for civil, military, and transport police to barter for .45 handguns. The military command, which regulates gun sales in Brazil, said it changed the regulations in response to petitioning from state security forces. The move has already sparked controversy among some sectors. They argon loose weapons to the police that they dont know how to use. This is putting the safety of the police and the population at risk, a representative from violence prevention NGO Sou da Paz told O Globo. InSight Crime AnalysisThe decision to grant variou s police agencies access to more powerful weaponry is likely to prove controversial. go for in the Brazilian police is low, amid widespread accusations of corruption, criminality and extrajudicial killings. Firefighters, who are allowed to carry weapons as part of the job, have also come under suspicion, with accusations that umteen form part of urban paramilitary groups while off-duty. The easing of the regulations could be linked to the ongoing conflict between criminal gang the First groovy Command (PCC) and the Sao Paulo police, which claimed the lives of at least 100 officers in 2012.The risk that rather than giving police another means to protect themselves, the increased availability of .45 weapons could only further fuel the conflict. Given past cases of Brazilian police selling weapons to criminal groups, there is a significant risk that these guns could fall into the hands of the gangs that are behind anti-police violence in much of the country. The high-power weapons c ould also end up being used by the vigilante militias that control many of Brazils favelas. Corrupt factions of the police and firefighting force are known to be members and collaborators of these militias.

Loneliness in Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

Loneliness in Of Mice and men by John Steinbeck EssayOf Mice and Men, is a novel written by John Steinbeck in the 1930s. It is set in Salinas California and shows us what life was similar for migrant workers at this time. The book was set in the time of the American depression caused by the W whole highway Crash. In 1929 Steinbeck himself had taken on unskilled jobs to support himself for 7 years from 1919. South Clara in Northern California was where Steinbeck worked as a farm laborer. It is from thither that the blastoffry, setting and experiences of Steinbeck in Northern California sacrifice been etched into the novel Of Mice and Men. The book describes how lonely life can be. There argon three contrasting kinds of loneliness these include isolation, solitude and abandonment. George and Lennie ar different from the other characters in the novel as they maintain each other to look after them aint many a(prenominal) fat querys travel around together. They have been com panions from childhood and George has given and oath to Aunt Clara that he go out look after Lennie. George and Lennie some(prenominal) share the same hallucination to own a piece of land that no-one will take away from them. They each dedicate a summing up of their wages towards the trance.The characters in this novel are all envious to some extent of the special friendship shared by George and Lennie because they do not have that in their life. All the characters are passing lonely and unhappy with their lives (except Slim, who is the only character that seems to be confident and happy with his life), and none of them can escape this unhappiness. Economic and social forces control them, and free will seems non-existent.Guys equal us, that live on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. George means that if not for each other, then he and Lennie would be all alone, with no friends, like all the men like them, who are migrant workers moving from ranch to ranch without m aking any friends, and living a lonely life. George and his simple-minded friend Lennie imagine, of a place to call their own. The Dream represents a sense of freedom to George and Lennie as they will be their own bosses and can do as they please.Also the achieving of the aspiration will mean they will not have to travel and have a house which they can really call home. They will not have to wear their uniforms and will have more possessions than a migrant worker. George and Lennie are very different, George is a smart and composed man, who seems to need mental stimulation from a companion, which he cannot have in his relationship with Lennie. Even though they have each other, they are still both lonely at a received level, even if one does not clearly understand the other. The important thing is human contact and cosmos in that location together.Somebody who loses his best companion is sugarcoat. Candy is the darkenedest person on the ranch. We can tell this when he mentions they are going to fire him Theyll can me purty soon also by the boring jobs which he undertakes like sweeping the bunk house, as he only has one hand, he is a liability. He is a very friendly person and greets the rules of the ranch, we see this when he says a guy on a ranch dont never listen nor he dont ast no questions. His life long companion presumably a sheep go after which he had since it was a pup, was shot by Carlson, who was very persistent to take the dogs life as he did not like the way it smelled I dont k at present nothing that stinks so bad as an old dog. Although pleading with Carlson I had him so long. Had him since he was a pup, I herded sheep with him the only choice Candy was offered was if he would want to shoot the dog himself which he replied No I couldnt. I had im too long.Finally Candy had to let his companion go. The dog which was Candys comfort and employment was now dead. As the gunshot went off in the distance every head in the bunk house turned towar ds Candy to see the old mans reaction. For a moment he continued to stare at the ceiling maybe remembering the happy memories he and his companion shared. Then he trilled slowly over and faced the wall and lay silent the same action a dog would do when going to sleep.All was not lost, overhearing George and Lennies dream he wanted to share it. He told George and Lennie about what they did to his dog that night maybe to try and win some compassion. You seen what they done to my dog tonight? They says he wasnt no good to himself or nobody else. When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me. This shows Candy is nearing the end of his life at the farm. Being part of George and Lennies dream comforts Candy and would be an ideal way to spend the rest of his life free from worries. George and Lennie accepted him into their dream partly due to the large sum of money which he had to contribute towards the dream. The dream was now becoming a reality.Crooks like Candy is an outcast because the nightclub in which he resides is racist towards benighted people. With a back injury that gives Crooks his nickname he is more permanent than the other men, we can see this with the possessions he has which include several straddles of shoes, a pair of rubber boots, a big alarm clock and a single barrelled shot-gun. Being alone has made Crooks very unsure about himself and bitterA guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. Dont matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an he gets upset this was Crooks way of establishing a personal connection to Lennie. Like Lennie, Crooks has a relationship with loneliness. Crooks is rejected from every group of people and cannot socially interact with others, just like Lennie who cant socially interact properly because of his mental- disability.Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im Black. They say I stink. easy I tell you, you all stink to me Crooks loneliness results from rejection others treat him unjust because he is different from them given that he is black. Crooks isnt allowed to participate in daily events with purity people such as card games. He is treated unfairly and therefore acts the same way toward the white people who have offended him. In an effort to communicate with the outside world in my opinion Crooks reads books there were battered magazines and a few dirty books on a special shelf over his bunk this shows they were well read, maybe even more than once.Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how close they are. Crooks said, Well, spose, jus spose he dont come back. Whatll you do then? Crooks asks these questions because he was curious and envious, about the friendship of Lennie and George, noticing that Lennie is retarded, he takes advantage of this situation to make him feel better and ease the pain of having others reject him. He wants the people to feel the way that he d id when he was lonely, having no one.He is striving to achieve sympathy and understanding from others. Crooks would work for nothing if it meant communicating with others. He even offers his services to Candy to work on their dream ranch to join in on the friendship and dream shared by Lennie and George, in order to leave behind him his lonely life.Curleys Wifes loneliness is due to her husband. Even though Curleys wife is mentioned frequently, nobody asks what her name is. Nobody wants to talk her because people are afraid of Curley he is jealous and would start a fight with anyone who tried approaching her also due to the fact that Curley is the bosss son and anyone who tried to do something could disembarrass their job. She does not like Curley, and purely get married him to spite her mother we can see this when she says I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella. Furthermore he doesnt talk to her at all, and theres no one in her life with whom she can share her feelings, and l ongs for companionship. Candy influences views about Curleys wife in George by telling him Curleys married a tart. She pretends to look for her husband when she really wants to have a conversation with the men in the ranch as she is lonely.Curley treats his wife like a pillage insisting that she should spend all her time in the house. Curleys wife asks the rhetorical question, think I like to stick in that house alla time? exhibit her unhappiness. Curley does not care about his wife as he leaves her behind whenever he goes out and visits cat houses although he is married.Curleys wife talks to Lennie in chapter fiver as she knows she can share her secrets and worries without Lennie telling anyone else, due to his mental age. She also indicates she is going to run away as she talks in a hurry. Curleys wife is very vigilant in the way she knows how Curleys hand was broken also in the way she finds the dead pup in the barn. Curleys wife tells Lennie about the chances she had of being an actress and blames her misfortune on her mother. She shows that marrying Curley was her last chance to get away from home. Maybe she was making up stories about her past as she looked closely to see if she was impressing Lennie. Curleys wife is a threat to Crooks as she threatens him with death by hanging if he stands up to her. In those days if a coloured man was accused of something there would be no trial.Curleys wife is the one who ruins the dream as she let Lennie touch her hair and then resisted. She ended up getting killed which meant that Lennie would have to be killed as he committed murder. Her death could be thought of as a misfortune, but as a positive thing as well because it ended her suffering being the only woman in the ranch and having married a man like Curley she was inevitably destined for loneliness. But now that she is dead, she will not have to worry about being lonely ever again. Curleys wifes case of loneliness was the most severe throughout the novel. Sh e struggled in her society to find somebody that she could befriend in vain.We can draw a similarity between Candy and Crooks both of these characters have a physical disability (Candy has a one hand, and Crooks has a crooked back) both caused by an accident, as well as another factor Crooks color and Candys old age, those factors make both of them outcasts. Because of their situation, they are both destined to loneliness, each of them deals with it in their own way Candy has his dog for companionship and makes conversation with the other men that work on the ranch, but Crooks turns towards booksAnother interesting similarity we can draw is the one between the relationship between George and Lennie, and Candy and his old dog. Both George and Candy are lonely, even though they have companionship Candy cannot talk to his dog, and George cant have a really serious conversation with Lennie either. Even though they have companionship, they need something deeper and more meaningful. It is also interesting to notice the similar fate of Candys dog and Lennie who will both be shot in the back of the head unsuspicious of what is going to happen.The last similarity drawn is between two of the loneliest characters in the novel Curleys Wife and Lennie. As weve seen previously, Curleys wife is the only woman in the novel, and her husband forbids her to talk to other men, and because of his jealousy, doesnt let other men approach her or else he picks a fight with them. George also gives orders to Lennie and strictly forbids him several times Dont even take a look at that bitch. I dont care what she says and what she doesyou leave her be well, you keep away from her, they arent allowed to talk to each other, thats what makes the fatal scene in the barn so tragic Curleys wife wanted to talk to someone so bad, that it drove her to her death.One of the most important lessons we learn in Of Mice and Men is that friendship and human interaction are two very valuable things in lif e, and that having them is as much as a right as it is a privilege. We must treasure these two things as it keeps us away from loneliness which is one of the worst things a person can suffer from highlighted by the characters in the book.

Natural Language and Programming Language

Natural Language and Programming LanguageProgramming LanguageNatural language such as English is the language, which is spoken and written for communication. The natural language consists of syntax, semantics, phonetics, etc. All natural languages have some fundamental rules, which are based on the structure of grammar. These grammatical rules are used by lot in communication.Programming languages are used for developing reckoner classs, which enable a computer to perform some operations. The structure of these languages is based on some syntactic and semantic rules. Context-free, lexical and syntactic grammar may be used in coffee berry programming (Dubey, 2006).The differences in the grammar of high aim programming languages (e.g. Java) and natural language (e.g. English) are as followsNatural languages are used for communication between people and programming languages enable human to interact with machines.Programming languages need a high degree of expertise, completeness and precision because computer can not think foreign the statement while in speaking, some minor errors are ignored.The programming language syntax is not based on natural language grammar.Thus, the briny difference in the grammar of high level language (Java) and natural language (English) is that natural language may be informal in speaking only not in written communication while the grammar of programming language follows specific syntax.CompilerA compiling program is a specific computer program that converts the statements written in any high level (such as C, C++, etc) into the language that computer can understand, i.e. machine level language. The original program, which needs to be converted, is known as the source computer codification and the generated machine language program is known as object code. The reason to convert a high level language program into machine code is to make an executable program. The operations performed by a compiler are lexical analysis, prepr ocessing, parsing, semantic analysis, code contemporaries and code optimization. Compilers are classified as native or cross compilers. The output of native compiler runs on the computer and operating system where the compiler is running and the output of cross compiler can be run on different platforms. Cross platform compilers are used for embedded systems (Aho, Sethi Ullman, 1986).The compiler group inputs characters into tokens because the original text can not be used by the data structure and it is very necessary to convert the source code into tokens. It makes the source code understandable for the computer. For specimen, an expression of C language sum=2+3 would be converted into tokens (such as sum into IDENT, = into ASSIGN_OP, 2 into NUMBER, + into ADD_OP, 3 into NUMBER and into SEMICOLON). The compilation process analyses the syntax of programming language. Syntax analysis is further divided into tokenizing (grouping of input characters into tokens) and parsing (attem pting to match the tokens to the syntax rules). In the process of compilation, lexical analyzer reads the source code and groups them into tokens (Ivantsov, 2008).A token is a categorized block of text (lexeme). Each token is a single unit of language, for example symbol name, keyword or an identifier. The lexical analyzer processes these lexemes according to their function by providing them meaning. This process is known as tokenization. After tokenizing, the tokens are sent for some different form of processing. The process may be considered a sub-task of parsing input. Parsing is the process of analyzing token sequence with respect to grammatical structure. Now, the data may be loaded for compilation.Thus, the compiler is a computer program, which converts the source code into machine readable form. This compilation process passes through various steps like lexical analysis, tokens, parser, etc. and makes the code available for the computer.ReferencesAho, A. V., Sethi R. Ullman , J.D. (1986). Compilers Princiles, Techniques, and Tools. New York Addison-WesleyDubey, A. (2006, December). Goodness criteria for programming language grammar rules. ACM SIGPLAN . 41(12), 44-53.Ivantsov, R. (2008, January 3). Irony .NET Compiler Construction Kit. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http//www.codeproject.com/KB/recipes/Irony.aspx

Cultivation of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus Alvarezii (Doty)

Cultivation of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus Alv arezii (Doty)Cultivation of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) in deeper-seawater system of South Sulawesi, InthroughsiaPetrus A. WennoAbstract. The last of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in shallow water is at present increase in accordance with the necessity to multiply biomass. This economic commodity is highly demand for its polysaccharide. However, an effort to expand the cultivation area is grueling to several outer spaces. This problem whitethorn be overcome by employing some hanging kens at different astutenesss. This research was carried out for 49 days under three different treatments, i.e., two morphological types (greenness and brown), three initial seedlings (50, 100 and one hundred fiftyg) and five different water depths (100, 250, 400, 550 and 700 cm). The result showed significant differences in maturement and biomass among three treatments (PKeywords Kappaphycus alvarezii, deeper water, perfunctory branch score, biomass, carrageenanIntroduction. The culture of red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii has been conducted in almost around Indonesia waters recently since it was first introduced (Adnan and Porse 1987). Normally, the culture take place in shallow waters at a depth of about 10 meters, but not all waters can be utilized for culturing. Seaweed biomass obtained through longline technique in shallow waters can produce about 12 slews acre yr-1 (Dahuri 2012). The product can reach 48 tons acre yr-1 when vertical technique is deployed in deep water (Hurtado and Agbayani 2002). Deep water area can be used as a productive culture site when meet the requirements of seeds quality, the initial freight and water depth. The utilization of deep waters should be in agreement to the status of coral reefs around the fix as an essential requirement for obtaining high biomass work (Chandrasekaran et al. 2008).High biomass production achieves through deep water culture system (Hurtado-Ponce et al. 1996) suggest that the deep water can be used for large-scale cultivation. Sahoo et al. (2002) and Sahoo and Ohno (2003) suggest that water comes from deep column is very rich in nutrients and can be used or else as laboratory culture media and cultivation media for Kappaphycus and other types of seaweed. However, the use of deep water has several con product lines related to physical and chemical characteristics, cultivation equipment and proper surroundings to make it usable. As an important commodity with high market demand, cultivation of K. alvarezii requires broader area in order to meet market demand (Nurdjana 2010).There are few studies related to growth and carrageenan content generating in shallow waters (Hurtado et al. 2008 Naguit et al. 2009). However, there were not many studies dealt with growth and the reward of carrageenan in deeper waters. This study was aimed to assess the growth of K. alvarezii in deeper waters based on different arguments, initial exerc ising weights and depths of the waters that affect growth, biomass and the yield of carrageenan. 2Material and Method. Seedlings of green and brown strains of K. alvarezii were obtained directly from the cultivation area in the Takalar Regency of South Sulawesi. These seeds were used after three days acclimatization. Good seeds are the young plants with their tips still crispy and in conical shape (Neish 2005). The seeds were then put at hanging raft (Figure 1) and monitored for 49 days for growth, biomass and carrageenan yield.Hanging rafts (Wenno 2014) were designed to convert hanging rope techniques (Hurtado et al. 2001). Each raft consists of two PVC pipes (L = 200 cm, = 5 cm) filled with a mixture of concrete cement which served as the weigh. two PVC pipes connected by two pieces of wood (H x W x L 5 x 7 x 400 cm) at the end to form a raft. The total area of raft is 8 m2 (W x L 200 x 400 cm). Some nylon strings ( = 4 mm) with the length of 4 m were used to connect both PVC pipes and functioning as a binding place for seaweed seeds. The distance surrounded by the adjacent two strings was 20 cm. The raft was hung in the water column with the back up of the buoy ropes ( = 10 mm) and was placed at different depths (100, 250, 400, 550 and 700 cm). The buoy was do of Styrofoam (H x W x L 40 x 50 x 50 cm). During operation, the first raft was connected to the second the second raft was connected to the third and so on until the fifth at a maximum depth of 700 cm. The hanging rafts construction was then tied to the ground ropes ( = 12 mm), meanwhile the anchor was made from flour sacks filled with sand (Figure 1).buoywater linenylon ropeshangring raftsPVC with concretecement innersandbags anchorraft, view from aboveFigure1. Hanging rafts construction, viewed from frontage (Source Wenno 2014)Seaweed seeds were then tied to the span ropes according to tie-tie technique (Goes and Reis 2010). Seedlings from different initial weights (50, 100 and 150 g) wer e tied to the twin knot ropes ( 1 mm). The closest distance between two nodes was 20 cm. Seeds of different strains and different initial weight (250, 500, 750 g) were placed on different rafts at different depth.Samplings were carried out for seven consecutive weeks. Data were then used to calculate daily growth rate (DGR) which was fit(p) weekly using the following formula of Dawes et al. (1993) in Hurtado et al. (2001) as follows= 0 1 100Where DGR = daily growth rate (%) = fresh weight at day t0 = initial fresh weightt = time interval of measurement (7 days) 3Seaweed biomass was recorded at the end of try and expressed as fresh weight of seaweed per unit culture area (g.m-2), and computed with the following formula= 0 Where Y = biomass production = fresh weight atday t0 = initial fresh weightA = area of 1 m2 raft.The measurement of carrageenan contents (yield) following the formula suggested in Hayashi et al. (2007) and Hung et al. (2009)= 100Where YC = carrageenan content ( %) = weight of carrageenan extract (g) = dry weight of analysed thallus (g)Three factor analysis of variance according to Zar (1999) were used to analyse the experiment data and was performed with SPSS v 21 software. Subsequent analysis with Tukeys HSD test was computed when there were significant differences among treatments with level of significance (PResults and Discussions. Daily growth rate of Kappaphycus alvarezii shows the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth which was highly significant (P0.05). Further test showed that the highest daily growth rate of green and brown strains was obtained at the initial weight of 100g, which tend to be the same (2.84%). It was related to the density of plant (Hurtado et al, 2008), leading to rapid growth in the initial weight. Daily growth rate at the initial weight of 100g was influenced by the interaction between solar radiation, temperature, nutrient and water movement (Santelices 1999), and causation absorption of nutrients faster than other initial weights. Absorption of nutrients was influenced by the density of plants (Azanza-Corrale et al. 1996).Daily growth rate of K. Alvarezii of green and brown strains tend to be the same. The highest analogy daily growth rate in green strain was achieved at the depths of 100 and 250 cm (2.55%), and the lowest one was at 700 cm depth (2.23%). The highest proportion daily growth rate in brown strain was overly achieved at the depth of 100 and 250 cm (2.83%), and the lowest one was at a depth of 700 cm (2.57%). The highest daily growth rate of green and brown strains associated with the movement of water (Santelices 1999). The movement of the water at that depth was turbulent, consequently nullify the thickness of water that is not mixed in the boundary layer (Neish 2005), and the absorption of nutrients in this depth is faster. Glenn and Doty (1990) suggested that the absorption of nutrients during th e fast flowing water between thalli is higher for ammonium at a reduce depth than for process at the higher depth. The absorption of ammonium by seaweed is more important than nitrate (Dy and Yap 2001 Raikar and Wafar 2006).Similarly to daily growth rate, biomass production of K. alvarezii showed the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth which was highly significant (P0.05). The highest biomass production of green strain was achieved for the initial weight of 100g (10,219 g.m-2), and the lowest with the initial weight of 50g (6,709 g.m-2). The highest biomass production of brown strain was found for the initial weight of 150 g (11,450 g.m-2), and the lowest one with the initial weight of 50g (7,479 g.m-2). The highest biomass production achieved was related to the density of K. alvarezii thalli (Hurtado et al. 2008) that affect the circulation of nutrients. With the initial weight of 100g the biomass production of green and brown strains gained was two times higher than the initial weight of 50g. The 4biomass production of green strain with the initial weight of 100g was optimal and may not be increased above this initial weight whilst the biomass production of brown strain can be increased up to the initial weight of 150g.The highest biomass production of green strain can be obtained at a depth of 100 cm (9,172 g.m-2) and of brown strain at a depth of 250 cm (10,522 g.m-2). The similarity of the highest biomass production of both strains obtained at depths of 100 and 250 cm. The highest biomass production similarity of brown strain was achieved at 100 and 250 cm depth. This is related to the absorption of nutrients in the lower depths which is faster than that of the higher depth (Neish 2005). Turbulent water movement causes the thickness of the boundary layer between the water and thalli reduced and speed up the diffusion of nutrients into thalli (Neish 2005). Biomass production of K. alva rezii was influenced by the interaction between nutrients and the movement of seawater among thalli (Santelices 1999).The yield of carrageenan in K. alvarezii shows the interaction between strain and initial weight, strain and depth, as well as the initial weight and depth and was highly significant (P0.05). The yield of carrageenan of green and brown strains was obtained with low initial weight. The yield of green strain obtained with the initial weight of 50g was higher (15.06%) than that of the brown strain (12.33%) of the same initial weight. The yield of green and brown strains was higher at the higher depths when compared to the lower depths. The highest yield of carrageenan in green strain was obtained at a depth of 550 cm (14.71%) and brown strain at the depth of 700 cm (12.18%). The highest yield of carrageenan is the result of the interaction between depth and the initial weight at a depth of 700 cm with the initial weight of 50g (14.70%), followed by the initial weight of 100 g (13.25%) and the initial weight of 150g (11.95%). The results showed that the yield of carrageenan in both strains was not in line with the daily growth rate. It was found that the yield of carrageenan in this study was contrarily with the finding of Hurtado et al. (2008) with a long line cultivation technique, which yields an increase in line with the daily growth rate.In this study, carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii green and brown strain increases with the depth and corresponding with the increasing level of carotenoid which obtained at the highest carotenoid level at a depth of 700 cm for both strains. Carotenoid acts as antenna pigments for absorbing light in the process of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. However, carrageenan yield in this study is lower than the findings of Hayashi et al. (2007) and Distantina et al. (2011).Conclusions. Daily growth rate of K. Alvarezii green and brown strains was influenced by the initial weight and tend to be reduced by an in creasing of depth. Biomass production was also reduced by the increasing depth with the highest biomass of green strain obtained with lower initial weight, and brown strain with higher initial weight. The yield of carrageenan increased according to depth with the highest yield was observed at green strain compare to brown strain. To obtain higher biomass and carrageenan yield, cultivation should be done at a lower depth for green strain and at a rather lower to higher depth for brown strain.Acknowledgements. This study was back up by BPPS grant of DGHE from Ministry of Education and Culture Affair of Republic of Indonesia. The author would like to thanks Mr. Akrim Djusdil, Chairman and Mr. Mus Mulyadi, Analyst of PT. Bantimurung Indah in Maros Regency of South Sulawesi for their help and thanks also to Daeng Bani the seawee

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment

Scheduler Choice in Cluster EnvironmentClusters have become more popular and ubiquitous and the tot of processors in meet have also increased considerably. They consist of collection of a homogeneous machines or a host of diverse computational devices which collaborate via a high-pitched speed network to execute high-performance applications. Computer industry has widely accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processing cores on a die. This has led to NoC processors. Efficient schedule of high performance applications on these par altogetherel computing systems is critical to enhance their performance and to meliorate system through and throughput. It has been proved that the problem of scheduling working classs with precedence constraints is NP-Complete Papad, 1994.The entropy flow model is gaining popularity as a programming paradigm for parallel computers. Many high-performance applications are a collection of modules whic h have control/data dependences among them. When the characteristics of an application is fully deterministic, including labours execution time, size of data communicated between tasks, and task dependencies, the application bed be represented by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). With an increase in the number of processing units, expressing parallelism of an application has become a major challenge. Many studies have proved that designing parallel applications using both task and data parallelism is an effective approach than pure data or pure task parallel models. This mixed parallelism achieves both higher scalability and performance. Mixed parallel applications are represented as Parallel trade union movement Graph (PTG), a graph of data parallel tasks.Understanding the importance of task scheduling on a parallel system, an attempt is made to talking to issues in scheduling multiple applications with the objectives of enhancing the performance of individual applications and als o increasing the throughput the parallel computing system.In this thesis, we introduce two saucy algorithms Level found Scheduler (LBS) and Improved Level Based Scheduler (ILBS) to schedule parallel applications represented as parallel task graph onto a cluster of multi-core processors with the objective of reducing their terminus time. Both algorithms can be used both as static or hybrid schedulers. We argue that hybrid scheduler is a soundly scheduler choice in a cluster environment to optimize the utilization of its resources.We state that a better way to deal with multiple applications on a cluster is through adoptive space-sharing approach with a promise to benefit both the drug user and the cluster administrator. In a space-sharing approach, distributively application is given a fortune of processors and it is executed on these processors only. A parallel application can be run on a varied number of processors i.e. a moldable job. consequently we argue that it is good to change processor allotment for executing applications depending on the workload on cluster. To perform initial processor allotment and subsequent adaptations if required, methods to attain the optimal and maximal number of processors that an application can utilize are developed. Also a novel method to share available processors among multiple competing task graphs is proposed. A framework is developed to bring together the proposed hybrid schedulers, methods to find processor requirement of each application, the scheme to share processors among multiple applications and a vernal policy to decide processor allotment for each submitted application.Approaches to improve scheduling on a NoC processor is attempted. An approach to make any list scheduling method more time efficient to schedule a task graph on NoC is proposed and experimented. To schedule multiple applications on NoC, the number of cores and which cores to be charge for each application must be decided. Our belief i s that this job of deciding number of cores can be better performed by the joint collaboration of the user and system instead of any one doing it alone. Hence we have developed methods to find the optimal and maximal block of cores that an application can utilize which is by and by used to decide the actual core allotment for each application. Policies to decide how many and which cores to be assigned for each application are suggested.All the experiments in this thesis are carried out using a discrete event simulator. Benchmark task graphs are taken from different sources, from where other researchers have taken to compare their scheduler performance. The metrics makespan and efficiency of the schedule are used.The developed LBS is compared with MCPA the most widely accepted good scheduler and EMTS the recent PTG scheduler are chosen for performance comparison. The benchmark suite includes regular task graph, random task graph and few real applications task graph. For regular ta sk graphs LBS shows in improvement in makespan by 2-9% in comparison to MCPA. But for irregular PTGs, LBS shows 4-12% performance improvement oer MCPA, which is significantly higher than for regular PTGs. Since EMTS uses evolutionary methods, it generates better schedule but at the expense of more computing time. The proposed LBS performance is inferior to EMTS by around 2-7% and 2-4% for regular and random PTGs respectively. Another metric used is the efficiency which is a measure of effective utilization of resources. The efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA, but the improvement is less than that for makespan. This is attributed to the fact task allocation in MCPA leads to better utilization of processors than in LBS. efficacy of LBS is more than MCPA by 1-3% and less than EMTS by 1-2%.Another scheduler ILBS is compared with LBS and TwoLrauber 1998, a good method to schedule set of independent tasks. ILBS exhibits performance improvement of 2-7% over LBS and 2-10% over TwoL for re gular PTGs. For random PTGs improvement is 6-12% over LBS and 4-8% over TwoL. The increased performance of ILBS for regular PTGs is attributed to the method of finding of the best possible schedule at each level.The performance of the proposed novel method of sharing processors among multiple task graphs is compared with the most recent methods suggested by Tapke et al. The new method exhibited a performance improvement of 6-9% for all categories of task graph and is maximum when the demand for the processors is relatively more than available processors.A complete framework is developed to tailor together the pieces of work carried out. The new policies suggested to decide processor allotment for each task graph show 4-7% performance improvement in average completion time of a task graph. The proposed policy also exhibits better performance for the time required to complete a set of task graphs by 4-7%. Thus the new policy is good from both user and system perspectives.The approach to make list scheduling method more time efficient to generate a schedule for a NoC processor is implemented in DLS method and it recorded around 20-45% improvement in execution time. The time is recorded by executing the application on the cycle accurate multi2sim simulator. The new policy proposed to decide the cores allotment for each application performs better than the best methods found in the literature by 4-20%.The issues in scheduling multiple applications on a cluster of multi-core processors and a NoC processor is addressed in this thesis. The observed performance improvement indicate the usefulness of proposed methods.

Mary Robinson and Her Many Masks Essay -- Poet Poem Actress Essays

Mary Robinson and Her Many MasksMary Robinsons public image as an actress and at times transgressive female are ingrained from her identity as an author and poet. Having begun her public life as an actress, Robinson remained keenly conscious of the power of audience. She intentionally re-scripted her own past, using her lurid fame to launch her thriving writing career. Written at the end of her life, The Haunted Beach represents a culmination of efforts to make a serious impact on the world of poetry. Among different daring moves, Robinsons poem effectively engages with a known poet, in its recognizable similarities to Coleridges Rime, and makes a social commentary on a murder she witnessed. The poems vaguely defined relationship with audience mirrors Robinsons own multiplicity in voice. Just as The Haunted Beach is told by an unidentified observer, in conclusion Robinsons own identity remains unknowable at best she is a fusion of her many pseudonyms, stage characters, and ideas presented in her indite works. Much has been written on Robinsons complicated relationship with the public, as well as her intriguing rapport with contemporary artists such as Coleridge and Wordsworth. In considering The Haunted Beach, whiz of the last poems Robinson wrote before her death, one must pay with attention to her complex path to artist and public figure both the poems construct and its reception are affected by her public persona and her artistic and social connections. Robinson crafted multiple identities as actress, author and poet, all of which play into her constantly growth poetic project. Poetry became for Robinson not only a forum for earning income and salvaging her damaged reputation, but also a form of self-expre... ....clayfox.com/ashessparks/reports/miles.htmlFeldman, Paula R, Ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era An Anthology. Baltimore, MD The John Hopkins University Press, 1997.Griggs, Earl Leslie. Coleridge and Mrs. Mary Robinson. Modern Languag e Notes, 45 (1930) 90-95.Kramer, Lawrence. Gender and Sexuality in the Prelude The Question of Book Seven. ELH 54 (Autumn 1987) 619-637.Mellor, Anne K. Mary Robinson and the scripts of female sexuality. In Representations of the Self from the Renaissance to Romanticism. Ed. Coleman, Patrick et al. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England, 2000.Ockerbloom, Mary Mark, Ed. A Celebration of Women Writers.Pascoe, Judith. Romantic Theatricality Gender, Poetry and Spectatorship. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1997.

Efficiency and Web Page Design :: Internet Cyberspace Essays

Efficiency and Web Page Design unity of the biggest challenges for weather vane designers today is trying to have a killer app, yet pass water it efficient enough for the common surfer. Were talking about file sizing. geographical zone Research (June 1999) reported that 70% of online users were only connected at 56K or less. Granted this number whitethorn have decreased a bit in the last 16 months, but the fact is, most people have a slow connection. As a surfer browses through the numerous sites on the web, they want to see the information the site has to offer. Some studies indicate that if you page takes longer than eight seconds for something to start appearing, you will probably lose your visitors. You need to be able to deliver your pages and information in a neat yet efficient manner. There are several factors that cause your visitors to have slow downloads. One might be the network or connection speed they have. They may also have poor performing hardwar e. Not much you can do about these. Maybe it is your server, it could be upgraded but more than likely it has to do with your files. The size of the files can be caused by large images, or it may unless have inefficient code. In order to decrease the download time we will first look at the code and find slipway to seduce the files more lean we want to trim the fat and get them in the best condition possible. Next we will look at graphics and ways we can optimize them for maximum performance and minimal download time. Finally there are numerous other hints and tricks that can be added to your code to make them download in record times.Making mean and lean code Every character and space that appears in your code takes up file size The following suggestions can help you to trim up your files and cut second off your site downloads. Make your file names and directory names simple and short. This may sound trivial, but every little bit counts. For example or Use r elative addressing instead of absolute addressing.