Essay --

Edmund S. Morgans book, The Puritan Dilemma, is an account of the events encountered by John Winthrops mission of creating a city on a hill. Winthrop leads and directs the Massachu come outts Bay Company, to the sore world, while trying to find a solution to the Puritan dilemma, which was how they were going to live in the world while trying to live up to the i repugns in the Bible. These ideals lead John Winthrop to propose the creation of a city on a hill. His proposition involves reforming the Church of England, in the new world, by purifying the church of all its flaws. It would create a citadel of Gods chosen people, the kind of society that God demanded of all His servants. According to Winthrop, They should be purified of their dour members, their heretical clergymen, their unwarranted ceremonies, their bishops, and archbishops, but they were nevertheless churches and must be embraced as churches. (Morgan, 27) Winthrop continues to emphasize that they realise been selected by God, like Israel of old, to serve as a prototype society to others they would be a city on a hill for everyone to see and observe.The eyes of all people are upon us so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken and so cause him to withdraw this present from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word with the world, we shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God and all our professors for Gods sake we shall shame the faces of many gods worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be moody into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land wither we are going. (Morgan, Page 64)In other words, no matter if the society they set out to create was successful or if they failed in th... ...lects some of the rules that the city on a hill used, in order to maintain structure. Ultimately, Winthrops goals were standardized to the modern day idea of the American dream, something all individuals in the New World have sought to achieve over its history. The beliefs of the American dream have been redefined over time to accommodate new standards of societal order, as politicians today still continue to create a thriving society with just and pious beliefs. Religion is still important in many facets of society, but not in the same structure John Winthrop had hoped for. Overall, the City on a mound was meant to serve as an example society for others to study and learn from, no matter if it succeeded or failed, which it ultimately accomplished. Although many Puritan beliefs have gone by the wayside, they were able to set a precedent for future generations.

Safety Features in Automobiles Essay -- Expository Essays Research Pap

Safety Featuresin AutomobilesMotor vehicle crashes are the number one killer of Americans under the age of 34. Every 22 minutes someone is killed in a crash (Vince and Larry). Since 1990, many new safety features have been put into vehicles to help save lives. These features are Anti hush brakes, airbags, OnStar, and four-wheel cram or all wheel drive.One of the best safety features available is anti-lock braking system (Gillis). Antilock brake system (ABS) is a safety feature that keeps the brakes from locking up so the driver can maintain control over steering and directional stability in situations where the driver has to apply gruelling brakes, heavy enough that if the vehicle was not equipped with ABS, the brakes would lock up. ABS is usually engaged on slippery road surfaces, when traction is minimal. If a persons brakes lock up on a slippery surface, then the vehicle could loose steering control and the vehicle could spin. ABS could help a person avoid an calamity because i t allows a person to maintain steering control of the vehicle (Questions and answers...).In a vehicle not equipped with an antilock brake system, the driver has to manually essence the brakes to keep from sliding. ABS works by sensing each wheels speed. When the sensors detects that the wheels are about to lock up, the ABS computer automatically changes the amount of brake fluid be sent to each wheel. With ABS engaged, the vehicle will Maintain optimum braking performance---just short of locking up the wheels. The computer will keep adjusting the brake pressure as the road conditions change (Antilock brake systems ...).The four main parts of an antilock brake system are the speed sensors, the pump, the valves, and the controller. Th... ...ve.htm National channel Traffic Safety Administration. (1996). despicable* forward expanding collaborations between traffic safety and public health. MA. Education Development Center, inc.. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (199 8). Questions and* answers regarding antilock brake systems (ABS). U.S. Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1999). New car safety features. U.S. Department of Transportation.National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2000). Antilock brake* systems (ABS) reading this could be one of the safest things you incessantly do. U.S. Department of Transportation. OnStar. (2002). What is OnStar services. Retrieved March 14, 2003,from http//onstar.com/visitors/html/ao_features.htmVince and Larry. (1991). Vince and Larry on belts and bags. U.S. Department of Transportation.

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpa

Imprisonment of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper When asked the question of why she chose to salve The Yellow Wallpaper, Charlotte Perkins Gilman claimed that experiences in her own life dealing with a nervous condition, then termed melancholia, had prompted her to write the short story as a means to reach and save other people from a similar fate. Although she may have suffered from a similar condition to the narrator of her illuminating short story, Gilmans story cannot be coined merely a tale of insanity. Insanity is the vehicle for Gilmans larger comment on the atrocities of social conformity. The main character of The Yellow Wallpaper comes to recognize the inhumanity in societys treatment of women, and in her awakening to this, visualizes her torment in the faded yellow wallpaper that hangs in her chambers, her jail. The unnamed narrator of the tale is purposefully left field unnamed the narrator could be any wife, any mother, any woman. Gilman transforms the hysterical, insane female of early 19th century literature into genius. The first striking shape that readers of The Yellow Wallpaper are presented with is not that of a room, it is not of the house, but of the character of John, the husband. John is described as a man of a mulish and extreme nature (246). His presence throughout the tale provides for the narrators motive. John refuses to accept her wifes condition he does not believe that there is anything truly wrong with her. If a physician of high standing, and ones own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression, a slight hysterical disposal - what is one to do? (246) The narrator is possessed by her hus... ...ion. Sven Birkerts. Boston, Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon, 1992. 387-400. Haney-Peritz, Janice. Monumental Feminism and Literatures Ancestral House Another Look at The Yellow Wallpaper. Womens Studies 12 (1986) 113-128. Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic Al legory Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26 (Fall 1989) 521-530. King, Jeanette, and Pam Morris. On Not indicant Between the Lines Models of Reading in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (Winter 1989) 23-32. Knight, Denise D. The Reincarnation of Jane Through This - Gilmans Companion to The Yellow Wallpaper. Womens Studies 20 (1992) 287-302. Rigney, Barbara Hill. Madness and Sexual Politics in the Feminist young Studies in Bronte, Woolf, Lessing, and Atwood. Madison, WI The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.

New Products :: essays research papers

Chapter 1Intuition has no place in the scientific operate of sore produce- FalseMajor obstacle of innovation is fear of change and certainty it brings- truthfulStrategy and the identification is the first stage- TrueBasic undertaking of a business is consumer satisfaction / profit impudentlyness of a intersection point is de terminationined by consumerProduct includes All of the aboveShort Answer1)What is a new product and who decides if a product is new?a.Good or service that is perceived b the target market as different and better than others- the consumer decides if the product is new. When the product has sold enough, made enough profit, established a strong toehold in a new market, and effectively thwarted a particular competitor.Chapter 2 bare-assed product development process ends at the evaluation process- TrueBest ideation comes from identifying problems for business and consumers - TrueComprehensive business analysis emphasizes profitability- TrueBenchmarking as guid elines TrueEvery new product starts out as a conceptThe development phase is concerned with all of the aboveImportant consideration with product development must be the consumer 1)Why must the marketing departments new product efforts be supported by the firms corporate strategy?a.Make sure the product fits the companys mission- make sure they are going in the same directionChapter 3Platform concept cannot be used successfully with services or brands- FalsePIC - allows delegation, permits financing, and calls for personal assignments- TrueCore compacies serve as a logical starting point- TrueTechnology is the single most important factor in new product development- FalseGoals are long term targets, objectives are short term TrueThe PIC should flow from and be consistent with mission statementMcDonalds uses golden arches in order to add tangiblenessPIC utilizes all the following except employment policies Which of the following categories would a firm want to dominant its portfolio - pearls1)Whats the purpose and value of product course of study planning?Chapter 4Common thread in providing a unique safe environment where criticism is not allowed- TNew product and comes into being when its successful- TrueTechnology is always a starting point for new product- FalseAn inventor tends to be all of the aboveNew product is born when successful in the market placeMarketing perspective, new product development efforts should be begin- benefitUseful development in user orientated ideation involves identifying lead users1)Who are lead users and why are they important?a.Out in front, trendsetters- at the leading edge of the trend, have the trump understanding of the problems faced, and expect to gain significantly from solutions to those problems.

Heroism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essays -- Heroe

Heroism in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf A hero, according to Websters New World Dictionary, is someone who commits an act of remarkable live onry or who has shown great courage, strength of character, or another admirable quality. He is looked up to for the brave and noble things he has done. Though Beowulf and Sir Gawain are both considered heroes they each have many different qualities. For Beowulf his reputation as a hero depends on the sagacity of others within his society, for Gawain Christianity determines his bravado. In order to understand how they are both considered a hero in their society we must look at the many differences their individual societies possess.One major difference between the society that Beowulf lived in and the one Sir Gawain lived in is their views on religion. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the world described is one of order, where Christianity plays an eventful role. Sir Gawain fits perfectly into this world as a Knight who is brave not because he naturally possesses this bravery, but because he puts his faith in...

Communications Campaign for an Aftershave Essay -- Business Management

Communications Campaign for an Aftershave I have been requested to produce a communications campaign for myaftershave called Blizz, created by Lacoste, with a budget of300,000. The things I hold to include are an explanation of theimportance of remarkising and public dealings to a transmission line, anexplanation of advertising media and their advantages anddisadvantages, discussion of the reason businesses use publicrelations and the tools used in the public relations and a list of theconsists on a communication campaign.My target audience for my blizz fragrance are businessmen senior 30 andon words. Thither interests are in business investments and buying poshexpensive goods.The Blizz fragrance will be campaigned on national video and atdepartment stores such as House of Frasier, Beatties and Debenhams.Young women going around the store grownup testers prohibited to the publicwill advertise the fragrance. Im going to make my advert interestingand classy so it will appeals t o the all business men, the advert willshow all ranges of business men buying the Blizz fragrance form houseof Frasier. The language in the advert will be in posh English andevery body will be wearing suits, the women in the advert will fall inlove with the men once they brought the fragrance. The colours used inmy advert are going to suttle and eye catching.Research shows that advertising in mens grooming books andmagazine, the idea of virility and masculinity is something verydifferent today. to a greater extent attention is paid to the body and sensuality isconsidered and asset, not something to be hidden. Mens fashions havealso changed, becoming more colourful, varied and seductive, all broker which explain the boom in mens fragrances, which nowrepresents an astonishing one third of the turnover of the variousfragrance companies. The male market is here to stay and theexperimental fragrances, such as Davidoffs Cool Water (fruity, floralnotes), and New West by ARAMs (salty, ref reshing notes) havecapitalized on this mod openness in male fragrances.When I searched the web for commercial production, lots of namescame up and I wasnt really sure which to trust and which I couldnttrust. After a lot of clicking the main results, I decided to switchover to the sponsored results, which on Google appear on the rightside of the page in little boxes.I found that the fi... ...newspapers prompting a certain product or a business.Sponsorship- sponsorship is when an organisation uses their product tosponsor someone or something for model when ITV uses Cadburyschocolates to sponsor Coronation Street.In house magazine- this is when an organisation uses a magazine topromote their product thin in their company.Corporate image this is when an organisation sets out an image toattract a certain type of consumers for their product.Local Environment Projects- this is when the organisation promotestheir product in their local environment to see what the public thinks closely t heir product. The reason businesses use public relations is to- Create strong community relations Be aware of at that place social responsibility Persuading customers to by there products or services Explain customers legal rights.The tools that I would use for public relations are -Press releases- I would get the press to promote my Blizz fragrance ina newspaper for example the Daily Mail.Local environment projects- I would use this project by going to themarkets and giving out free samples of my fragrance to the members ofthe public to see what they think of it.

Communications Campaign for an Aftershave Essay -- Business Management

Communications Campaign for an Afters pee I have been requested to produce a communications campaign for myaftershave called Blizz, created by Lacoste, with a calculate of300,000. The things I need to include ar an explanation of theimportance of advertising and public relations to a business, anexplanation of advertising media and their advantages anddisadvantages, discussion of the reason businesses practise publicrelations and the tools employ in the public relations and a list of theconsists on a communication campaign.My target audience for my blizz fragrance are businessmen aged 30 andon words. There interests are in business investments and buying poshexpensive goods.The Blizz fragrance provide be campaigned on national television and atdepartment stores such as House of Frasier, Beatties and Debenhams.Young women going around the store giving testers out to the publicwill advertise the fragrance. Im going to make my advert interestingand classy so it will appeals to the all business men, the advert will commemorate all ranges of business men buying the Blizz fragrance form houseof Frasier. The language in the advert will be in posh position andein truth body will be wearing suits, the women in the advert will fall inlove with the men once they brought the fragrance. The colours used inmy advert are going to suttle and eye catching.Research shows that advertising in mens grooming books andmagazine, the idea of virility and masculinity is something verydifferent today. More attention is paid to the body and sensuality iscon grimacered and asset, not something to be hidden. Mens fashions havealso changed, becoming more colourful, vary and seductive, allfactor which explain the boom in mens fragrances, which nowrepresents an astonishing one third of the turnover of the variousfragrance companies. The anthropoid market is here to stay and theexperimental fragrances, such as Davidoffs Cool Water (fruity, floralnotes), and New West by ARAMs (salty, re freshing notes) havecapitalized on this new openness in male fragrances.When I searched the web for commercial production, lots of namescame up and I wasnt really authoritative which to trust and which I couldnttrust. After a lot of clicking the main results, I decided to switchover to the sponsored results, which on Google appear on the rightside of the page in little boxes.I found that the fi... ...newspapers prompting a certain product or a business.Sponsorship- sponsorship is when an organisation uses their product tosponsor person or something for example when ITV uses Cadburyschocolates to sponsor Coronation Street.In house magazine- this is when an organisation uses a magazine topromote their product thin in their company.Corporate motion-picture show this is when an organisation sets out an image toattract a certain type of consumers for their product.Local Environment Projects- this is when the organisation promotestheir product in their local environment to get wind what the public thinksabout their product. The reason businesses use public relations is to- Create strong community relations Be aware of there social province Persuading customers to by there products or services Explain customers legal rights.The tools that I would use for public relations are -Press releases- I would get the press to promote my Blizz fragrance ina newspaper for example the Daily Mail.Local environment projects- I would use this project by going to themarkets and giving out free samples of my fragrance to the members ofthe public to see what they think of it.

Rene Descartes: a Great Thinker of the Western World Essay

I think on that pointfore I am are the words that educe to discernment as we encounter the subject of Descartes. We befool man full of knowledge and ideas ready to expand and break free. His interest in knowledge and the eruditeness of truth itself brought him to doubt solely(prenominal) around him, including deity and his very own existence. He is even considered to be the Father of Modern philosophy because he control the thinkers of his time to deviate from the Scholastic-Aristotelian method. This is due to his belief that the scholastic method was prone to doubt since it relied on sensation as the source for all knowledge, nitty-gritty that teachings adhered to traditionalistic methods posed by the church. However we can non simply look at Descartes without knowing anything about his background and inspirations.Rene Descartes is credited with world the father of modern philosophy. Not unaccompanied is he accredited to creation a man of extraordinary genius, but his i deas changed the way western European thinkers viewed theology. Having his mother die after he was born(p) caused young Rene to live with his grandmother in La Haye. He was sent to a Jesuit college called La Fleche, where he studied grammar, rhetoric, and a philosophical curriculum of verbal arts and logic. He was disappointed in the courses he had to take, except for mathematics, thus explaining his infatuation with the subject along with physics. Either way he left hand La Fleche with a very broad liberal arts education in 16141. He received his degree and license in civil and decree law at the University of Poiters. From there, Descartes became a volunteer for the army of Maurice of Nassau in the Netherlands during the summer of 1618. It is said that before he went to Netherlands, Descartes had lost all interest in science and mathematics and experienced a period of depression or mental breakdown.However while at Nassau, he met the most important twine of his early adulthood Isaac Beekman3. It was Beekman who re-ignited Descartes interest in science and informaled his eyes to the possibility of applying mathematical techniques to other fields outside of the pre-determined mindset. A push was all that Descartes needed to make him set his eyes on a new method of scientific findings. For a while, he was on and off theories, starting and neer finishing them, including his Rules for the Direction of the Mind. He moved to the Netherlands yet again in 1628 in order to find a place full of peace and quietly where he could think. He tried to run away from Paris and its city full of distractions. It is here that Descartes began to work on a little treatise, which took him approximately ternary years to complete, entitled The World3.The World constituted in showing the mechanisms behind not using the Scholastic principles of substantial forms and real qualities3 and in giving an measure for the origin of the creation, nature and the human body. He also stat ed here that he agreed with the heliocentric theory proposed by Galileo, that the sun is the center of the universe rather than the earth. He chose not to publish his work after learning of Galileos condemnation thus his work was not seen until his death. He did decide, however, to publish his Geometry, Dioptrics, and Meteors which he prefaced with a brief Discourse on Method. He saw this method as something that could be applied to almost anything but mostly to philosophy.Before Descartes, there was Aristotle and previous other thinkers who believed in syllogisms or basically deductive reasoning that can be used as an extremely subtle, sophisticated, or deceptive argument. For grammatical case syllogisms usually follow something along the lines of any A is C all B is A thus all B is C3. Descartes did not believe in syllogisms because their conclusions merely brought forth a prob adequate statement which could not be easily establishn. Since a statement is prob adequate because it is a statement this just caused confusion. In order to avoid these confusions, Descartes sought geometry and absolute demonstration.For usage, in geometry a theorem is derived from a set of clear, simple, undeniable truths3 that are universally agreed with, thus we can deduce that these undeniable truths are supported by deduction and reasoning. As Descartes laid this basis down, he found them promising due to the idea that geometry is clear, distinct and therefore it is easily understood. The idea behind geometry is not just simple speculation instead it is something that is agreed upon, unlike the confused ideas of sensation. Even though he was able to strengthen his theories in geometry, he was unable to provide the same way of thought to human thinking, because of the peoples skepticism.To solve this he came up with Meditations on first philosophy. In this work, he laid out arguments doubting his previous beliefs3, since they did not apply to human thought. He observed th at the senses can be deceiving. For example your vision can deceive you by letting you believe that there is water on the road, even though it is just a formulation of radiated heat. Moreover, although this may apply to sensations derived under certain circumstances, doesnt it seem certain that I am here, sitting by the fire, wearing a winter dressing gown, belongings this piece of paper in my hands, and so on? (AT VII 18 CSM II 13)1. His point was that even though senses do deceive, you reading this paper compensate now may not be based on true sensations, instead it may be based on those inside a dream.Since we cannot prove that we are dreaming at this moment, Descartes concluded that any belief based on sensation had to be doubtful because it could all very well be a dream, thus disproving the syllogism view. This in turn does not pertain to mathematical beliefs. We all know that 2+3=5, whether we are asleep or awake, this is proved to be true and thus accepted. However, Desc artes saw it as a predetermined belief that 2+3=5 was not really reasoning or sensing on his own but that God was conspiring against him to make him wrong about everything including math. And since God is the one conspiring against him, then God ceases to exist, meaning that there is a mean demon waiting for him to fail.After such statements, Descartes finds himself even doubting these beliefs, thus leaving him in a whirlpool of false beliefs3 by the remainder of his First Meditation. He does however recognize that these are all just exaggerated conceptions, which give him the opportunity to rid himself of all preconception beliefs, thus being open to accept future undeniable truths. It seems that Descartes was trying to clear his mind of what he had learned from the past, putting it all into one thought (or First Meditation) this theme seems to have helped him open his mind, and become more accepting to new theories and consider their possibility instead of discarding them.In his second meditation Descartes tries to find absolute certainty in his most famous reasoning Cogito ergo sum I think therefore I exist. These words marked the end of Descartes doubt and open a passage where he can seek to discover the nature of his own essence, to demonstrate the existence of God, and to provide the criterion to guide the mind in search of truth2. Here not only does he experience the I exist shock, but he realizes what he has left behind from the previous theory. All belief in sense has been left behind from the First Meditation, and now the belief of if I exist comes to mind because he can now see that in order for the demon to deceive him he must be real. The thought of I exist, and I am real are now engraft in the mind2. This new embodiment allowed Descartes to see the mere fact of his thoughts being engaged in activity, thus seeing a thinking I being combined with I exists becomes an absolute certain truth.The therefore is something that is embodied by Descartes, meaning the consideration of himself and his existence as something immediate. Lastly, we review the I exist meaning that since I think and reason, it must mean that I must be present to think therefore I exist. Descartes, in the end, at around his 6th Meditation3 determines what he is in terms of the phrase A thinking thing. A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, refuses, that imagines and also feels2. Thus, Descartes sees his thoughts as operations all occurring within the will, the intellect and the imagination, all which are occurring inside the thoughts of the mind.At the end of his theory, Descartes sees that he does have a mind and indeed also has a body, and that he is nothing more than a thinking thing. However, he does not believe that his mind and body are connected, in fact his belief is that they are separated from each other and that he can clearly conceive each of them separately and thus whatever he thinks god can set asunder2. Descartes does not solve t his conflict of mind and body, what he does is condensing it. By saying that a human is the compound of mind and body, he was able to transition his philosophy into the biology of the body itself. He says that mind and body interact at the pineal gland which controls the perception and motion of the body.The nest step in Descartes theoretical strategy was to prove Gods existence. He decided to do this by providing proofs, such as those used in geometry. The first base is that there is an idea of a dictatorial perfect being, the second is based on the cause of ones very existence as an imperfect being and the third is the idea that a supreme perfect being must have in itself the necessity to exists2. Because something cannot come from nothing, his existence has to come from someone or something that created him, (a bigger power,) thus if he exists and he has to have been created by another existing force then that means that such a force has to also exist1&3.For example, if you are boiling a pot of water, that pot is being boiled by the heat source coming from underneath the pot, meaning that something (in this case the kitchen) has to provide an specific amount of heat, or at least be hot enough to provide heat to the cool un-heated pot. Same way if the kitchen did not have heat, then the water would not boil, because something cannot give what it does not have3, this is called the Casual Adequacy principle. In the end, god has to be real since he created a real being, in this case Descartes. God exists because I exist, and I exist because the existing perfect being of god created me, thus I was given existence by someone already possessing it.At last, Descartes was able to prove that eliminating predetermined beliefs helps those in philosophy think and accept rationality outside of societys box. As a philosopher, he was able to prove his existence and reality and Gods existence as well by following steps in order to reach complete triumph with his theories. As a mathematician, he was able to introduce ideas of geometrical coordinates and use them as an application in his more profound thoughts. Of course Descartes extensive philosophies exceeded the ones discussed in this paper, even though his most influential ones were covered.

Sophie’s World

Philosophy 101 Mr. Trembley While demoing Sophies land Jostein Gaarder identifies and tackles large philosophical questions. Using Sophie as the fresh child mind, Gaarder attempts to portray how a young mind would react to large philosophical questions. By the clip I got to page 13 in the text, I noticed that the major philosophical questions were simply stated by the mysterious teacher of Sophie. One major question that Sophie asks and tries to answer is who ar you? At first, on page 3, Sophie blatantly focuses on the physicality of the question. She is the girl staring back at her self-reflected image on the mirror. She thus concluded by saying you are me, and I am you, to her mirror image. Once again, it was a very obvious and physical truth in regards to who she was. However, by page 7 she takes a more philosophical approach and understands that there are many levels after she weighs about it more. After muse, she essentially concludes that the questions are riddles.Yet, coming from narrator verbatim, For the first beat in her life she felt it wasnt right to live in the world without at least intercommunicate where it came from. She went from a mentality of specific perspective to understanding the general concept that finding a philosophical answer isnt the purposebut pondering and asking questions about who she was and where the world came from was more beneficial. In my perspective, the ac accreditledgement of these philosophical questions is a massive step for Sophie.I definitely agree with Sophie because sometimes the questions are very annoying, because no one leave behind really know the answers to the questions the teacher asked her. The narrator states on page 7 that the questions jolted Sophie out of her every daytime existence and perfectly brought her face to face with the great riddles of the universe. I find this particularly inte assuagementing because to me the questions asked by philosophers are not meant to be confusing, tim e wasting questions. Instead, the questions spark of investigate that leads to creative, varied perspectives on extremely large questions.Sophies initiationThe take for review that I will be doing is about the book Sophies knowledge base (Norweigan Sofies verden), a 1991 novel written by Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder. According to the book itself, Sophies valet de chambre is Gaarders first book to appear in English because he is a Norweigan. . It was originally written in Norwegian and became a best seller in Norway. The novel was later translated into fifty-three languages, with oer thirty million copies in print. It follows the events of Sophie Amundsen, a teenage girl living in Norway and Alberto Knox, a middle aged philosopher who introduces her to philosophical depending and the hi hi history of philosophy.II. compendious Sophie Amundsen is fourteen years old when the book begins, living in Norway. She begins a strange counterbalance crease in philosophy. Every day , a letter comes to her letter box that contains a few questions and then later in the day a package comes with some typed pages describing the ideas of a philosopher who dealt with the issues raised by the questions. Although at first she does not know, later on Sophie learns that Alberto Knox is the name of the philosopher who is teaching her. He sends her packages via his dog Hermes.Alberto first tells Sophie that philosophy is extremely relevant to life and that if we do not question and ponder our very existence we are not really living. Then he proceeds to go with the history of western philosophy. Alberto teaches Sophie about the ancient myths that community had in the days before they tried to come up with pictorial explanations for the processes in the world. Then she learns about the natural philosophers who were concerned with change. Next Alberto describes Democritus and the theory of indivisible atoms underlying all of nature as well as the concept of fate.At the sa me time as she takes the philosophy course, Sophie receives a strange postcard sent to Hilde Moller Knag, care of Sophie. The postcard is from Hildes buzz off and wishes Hilde happy birthday. Sophie is confused, and moreso when she finds a scarf with Hildes name on it. She does not know what is happening but she is sure that Hilde and the philosophy course must somehow be connected. She learns about Socrates, who was wise enough to know that he knew nothing. Then Alberto ends her a video that shows him in present day Athens and somehow he seems to go back in time to ancient Athens. She learns about Plato and his world of ideas and then about Aristotle, who critiqued Plato, classified much of the natural world, and founded logic and our theory of concepts. Then, as Sophies education continues, the Hilde situation begins to get more complicated. She finds many more postcards to Hilde, and some of them are even dated on June 15, the day of Sophie will turn 15. The problem is that Jun e 15 is still over a month away.She discovers some of this with her best friend Joanna, and one of the postcards tells Hilde that one day she will meet Sophie and also mentions Joanna. Strange things are happening that the girls cannot figure out. Sophies relationship with her m separate becomes somewhat strained as she tries both to cover up the correspondence with Alberto and to practice her philosophical thinking on her mom. Meanwhile, Alberto teaches Sophie about Jesus and the meeting of Indo-European and Semitic culture. She learns about St. Augustine, St.Aquinas, and the christianization of Greek philosophy that occurred in the Middle Ages. By this time, Sophie has met Alberto and he begins hinting that the philosophy is about to get extremely relevant to the strange things that are happening to her. Sophie learns about the focus on humanity in the metempsychosis and the extremes of the Baroque and then Alberto focuses on some key philosophers. Urgently, he teaches her about Descartes, who doubted, and by doing so knew at least that he could doubt. They move on to de Spinoza as it becomes clear that Hildes father has some awesome power over them.Then Sophie learns about the empiricists. Locke believed in natural rights and that everything we know is gained from experience. Hume, an important influence on Kant, showed that our actions are guided by feelings and warned against making laws based upon our experiences. But Berkeley is most important to Sophie because he suggested that perhaps our entire lives were inner the mind of God. And Alberto says that their lives are inside the mind of Albert Knag, Hildes father. At this point the story switches to Hildes point of view.On June 15, the day she turns fifteen, Hilde receives a birthday gift from her father entitled Sophies World. She begins to read and is enthralled. We follow the rest of Sophies story from Hildes perspective. Hilde becomes certain that Sophie exists, that she is not just a character in a book. Alberto has a plan to escape Albert Knags mind, and they must finish the philosophy course before that can happen. He teaches Sophie about the Enlightenment and its humane values and about Kant and his unification of empiricist and rationalist conception.Things in Sophies life have become entirely insane but she and Alberto know they must figure out a way to do something. It will have to occur on the night of June 15, when Hildes father returns home. They learn about the world spirit of Romanticism, Hegels dialectical view of history, and Kierkegaards belief that the individuals existence is primary. Meanwhile, Hilde plans a surprise for her father on his return home. They rush through Marx, Darwin, Freud, and Sartre, desperate to come up with a plan to escape even though everything they do is known by Hildes father.Then at the end of Sophies World, the book that Hilde is reading, while at a party for Sophie on June 15, Alberto and Sophie disappear. Hildes father comes ho me and they talk about the book, and Hilde is sure that Sophie exists somewhere. Meanwhile, Sophie and Alberto have a new existence as spiritthey have escaped from Albert Knags mind but they are invisible to other people and can walk right through them. Sophie wants to try to arbitrate in the world of Hilde and her father, and at the end of the book she is learning how to do so.III. PROPER BOOK REVIEW The day that this book was handed to me, I thought it was boring at all because its about philosophy. But then, when I started reading, I became interested and even more interested in the plot of the story in which Sophie Amundsen received a letter from an anonymous sender. I became to wonder who it came from. Did it come from a suitor or maybe from school? Those were just the things that came up to my mind while reading the first page of the book. When the questions were revealed, such as such as Who are you? and Where did the world come from? , I myself were interested to know the answers too. It was like it was me who was in Sophies situation. Its really funny how I became attached with the story though I dont really read novels. As the story progresses, the reader becomes attached to Sophie and follows her on the quest for answers. We are reminded of the beauty in the genuine thirst for knowledge and for answers that we often devalue as we get older. This book can be approached in different ways. It is on one hand the story of a few individual lives, and on the other a philosophy book.Seeing it only as the story of Sophie Amundsen brings little satisfaction, but regarding it only as a reference on philosophy does not fulfill its purpose. To me, its theme is an expression of peoples propensity to become caught up in their daily lives and lose the desire to question. And though the characters seem two-dimensional at times, I viewed them as tools of the writer, commenting on what Gaarder saw in the world. The style of the novel is similar to a detective story which emphasizes Gaardners idea that philosophys attempt for answers to the fundamental questions of life is much like a detectives investigation.Throughout the book, we are reminded that philosophy is not the pursuit of someone who has spare time to sit and ponder rather, it is essential for every living, thinking human being. This novel is a great substitute for a boring philosophy book. Sophies World is probably the best way to learn about philosophy. Even more redeeming is the fictional portion of the novel, so although readers may grow bored and want to skip over the philosophy lesson bits, youll still find yourself being pulled in enough to finish the entire lengthy book. Sophies world took me in a wild and crazy ride while also learning about the history of philosophy.I liked this book because it was never preachy and is not onerous to force any grand idea down my throat. Instead it gave me a bunch of really good ideas and let me form my own philosophy and let me choose th e ideas I wanted to believe. I also loved the crazy plot twists of the story. Just like when the story revealed that Sophie and Alberto Knox were just part of another story and when Hilde wanted to believe that Sophie and Alberto were real people as opposed to some characters in a book written for Hildes 15th birthday. I think it was great how the author just kept making the story weirder and weirder.First Sophie kept getting mysterious post cards, then they started popping up everywhere, then a banana said Happy Birthday Hilde, then the dog talked and when she found out she was in a book she started seeing Winnie the Pooh and Little inflamed Riding Hood. This book was just a bunch of jumbled insanity that kept my attention every step of the way. I absolutely loved it I think everybody on the planet should read this book. Personally I thought the philosophy lessons were boring, but Jostein Gaarder paints such a beautiful picture and story that Sophies World truly is compelling.

Physical and Chemical Properties Essay

PurposeThe physiologic and Chemical Properties lab provides the opportunity to canvas the physical and chemical properties of consummate(a) chemical substances and analyze the test results.ProcedureIn the beginning of the experiment, I filled devil 24-well plates half way with the given chemicals and sucked up these chemicals into their labeled pipets for subsequent use. Following this, I performed a number of steps on each of the four test tubes and recorded observations of the different substances including odor, color, reaction to heat, the effects on the personnel casualty and blue litmus paper and HCI reactions.ObservationsAs most of the observations are noted on the table above, it is a fair assumption that all of these substances went through any(prenominal) sort of change whether it was a chemical or physical change except for Zinc. This may be because I had dropped my Zinc sample and had a spunk time retrieving the contents but never the less it had very little to n o reaction to the tests. Also, regarding the turn point and melting point of different substances slightly had no reaction at all.QuestionsDid you observer any chemical changes in this experiment?Yes, Litmus paper is an example of chemical solely and was effected by all the substances except for Zn.What evidence did you use to decide that something was a chemical change?Chemical compounds of the litmus paper reacted with the chemical compounds of the substance tested to give a new compound resulting in a change of color of the litmus paper. No evidence was visibly seen when MgO Mg(OH)2.Give at least two examples of chemical changes you observed.One example was the reaction on the litmus paper and the second example was Magnesium oxides change into Magnesium hydroxide when introduced to water supply. secernate the following properties of sodium metal as physical or chemical Silver metallic color tangible Turns gray in air Physical Melts at 98oC Physical Reacts explosively with c hlorine gasChemicalClassify the following changes as physical or chemical Water freezes at 0oCPhysical Baking soda when combined with vinegar produces bubblesChemical Mothballs gradually disappear at room temperaturePhysical Ice cubes in a freezer move smaller with timePhysical Baking soda loses mass as it is heatedPhysical Tarnishing of silver ChemicalF. How would you show that dissolving table salinity is a physical change?By boiling the water and using a distillation process to extract the pure salt. Once all water is retracted, you can see that the salt never went through a chemical change.ConclusionsBy conducting this lab, it can be seen that physical and chemical changes are an everyday particular among many different substances. Using prepared lab techniques, we can make qualitative observations on the appearance, smell, and reactions of different substances. The Physical and Chemical Properties lab provides the opportunity to investigate the physical and chemical propertie s of pure chemical substances and analyze the experiment results within the guiding principles and techniques. By doing so, the following can be learned though the experiment Chemical properties describe the tendencies of a substance to undergo chemical change and physical properties commonly used to characterize pure substances are color, odor, hardness, density, melting point, boiling point, and solubility in various solvents.

The Wealth Beneath Your Feet

SOIL LAB The Wealth Beneath Your Feet Purpose To determine potential growth based on tests of physical characteristics such as pH, fertility and consistency. Pre-Lab TO start off our investigation, we had to gather landed estate. Our group decided to get it from below a tree, right attached to the trunk. In terms on fertility, we rated our soil to be a 4 (1 being the least fertile, 10 being the most). We rated it rather high because it was in a place where it had not been tampered with making it infract than others.Also, it was quite dark and matched up very well with diagrams online of fertile soil. (http//www. enchantedlearning. com/geology/soil/) TEST ONE Collection of Soil and Observation of Soil Profile The beginning(a) class (O) we observed is the top bottom, a layer of organic soil. It is made up of humus and leaf sediment. Below that (A) comes the topsoil. This is where seeds sprout and other plants roots grow. This layer is also made up of humus, but here are other min eral particles as well. Next is the eluviation layer (E).This layer contains mostly sand and silt. It is the eluviation layer because of the process that takes place here where minerals are lost as well as clay because of water dripping through the soil. The subsoil layer is next (B). This layer is made up of clay and mineral substances, it receives from the eater being dripped during the form the eluviation process eluviation process. ,Regoliath (C) lies beneath and is mostly just broken up bedrock. ultimately is the actual bedrock layer (R), essentially just unweathered rock.

Banksy-Graffiti Art Essay

The life of the street artist is, by necessity, one of anonymity. In numerous of the worlds cities, the most noticeable and breathtaking pieces of art arent created by world-renowned talents. They are created by the unknown street artist under look at of darkness. We never see them and they are known only by their tagging pseudonyms. Banksy is a British graffiti artist, political activist, film director, and painter. It has been said, Banksy was born in 1974 and raised in Bristol, England. The son of a photocopier technician, he trained as a butcher but became graffiti artist.Style Banksy began as a freehand graffiti artist in 19901994 as one of Bristols DryBreadZ Crew (DBZ). He was inspired by local artists and his work was part of the larger Bristol underground scene. From the start he used stencils as elements of his freehand pieces, too. By 2000 he had turned to the art of stencilling after realising how much less time it took to complete a piece. He claims he changed to stenci ling while he was hiding from the police under a rubbish lorry, when he noticed the stenciled serial number.Banksys stencils feature striking and humorous images from time to time combined with slogans. Subjects often include rats, apes, policemen, soldiers, children, and the elderly. Asked about his technique, Banksy said I use whatever it takes. Sometimes that just means drawing a moustache on a girls face on some billboard, sometimes that means sweating for days over an intricate drawing. Efficiency is the key. Stencils are traditionally hand drawn or printed onto sheets of acetate or card, before being cut out by hand.Because of the secretive nature of Banksys work and identity, it is chatoyant what techniques he uses to generate the images in his stencils, though it is assumed he uses computers for some images due to the photocopy nature of much of his work. He mentions in his book, Wall and Piece, that as he was starting to do graffiti, he was always too slow and was either caught or could never finish the art in one sitting. So he devised a series of intricate stencils to minimize time and overlapping of the colour.Banksy once characterised graffiti as a form of underclass revenge, or guerilla warfare that allows an individual to snatch away power, territory and glory from a bigger and better equipped enemy. Banksy sees a social class section to this struggle, remarking If you dont own a train company then you go and paint on one instead. Banksys work has also shown a desire to mock centralized power, hoping that his work will show the public that although power does exist and whole works against you, that power is not terribly efficient and it female genitalia and should be deceived.Banksys works have dealt with an array of political and social themes, including anti-War, anti-capitalism, anti-fascism, anti-imperialism, anti-authoritarianism, anarchism, nihilism, and existentialism. Additionally, the components of the human condition that his wor ks commonly critique are greed, poverty, hypocrisy, boredom, despair, absurdity, and alienation. Although Banksys works usually rely on visual imagery and iconography to put forth his message, he has made several politically related comments in his various books.

Maritime Hull and Machinery Book report Essay

IntroductionThis book about the elements of shipping Emphasis is also placed on professionalism and the need to have the latest use science and professionally qualified personnel to operate a shipping service today. It re principal(prenominal)s essential reading for the shipping executive along with students and academics with an interest in the shipping industry. Hull and Machinery includes studies about cutting by a wedge of longitudinally stiffened plates for application to the grounding resistance of single withdraw and double take away ships. Two types of ship hull initiation were used as prototypes for the development of small scale models. A conventional longitudinally stiffened Single Hull (SH) and the Undirectionally Stiffened prototype Hull (USDH) design.To model the cutting experiments the complex deformation patterns observed in the damaged specimens were simplified to obtain a closed-form upper bound for the steady read cutting force required for the USDH specimen. An existing closed-form upper bound solution for the wedge cutting initiation force of a single plate was applied to the longitudinally stiffened single hull specimens by smearing the geometry to obtain an equivalent thickness single plate. A total of eleven cutting experiments were conducted using six polar wedge geometries. Early work in grounding prediction has been to perform plate cutting experiments which produced empirical formulas for the work to cut a flat plate.The main purpose of Hull and Machinery is to provide the ship owner with an expectation of status quo regarding a vessels useingal ability during a maritime enterprise. Since marine perils atomic number 18 a risk that the ship owner assumes each venture. Improper design and the improper selection and use of materials is the primary cause of most non-damage think structural failures. Contrary to common belief, actual manufacturing defects unaccompanied rarely figure into structural failures. It should come as no surprise to any surveyor that the ship edifice industry, much like the automotive industry which, after more than 70 years of mass production, backed up with their enormous financial resources, is still fraught(p) with frequent design defects.BodyEfforts have been quite significant in quantifying the force required to cut a single plate, still do non account for the effects of stiffeners and inner hull that exist in the actual geometry of ships. In order to adequately predict the lift and drag forces in a ship undergoing a grounding accident and the subsequent extent of damage. Global lifting of the ship against gravitational forces is done. There are Friction forces between the bottom hull plating and the grounding surface, plastic deformation of the hull girder, and forces required to fracture the hull structure.In grounding, the ship initially lifts and rides over the rock causing only hull indentation. Once the force due to the weight of the ship overcomes the plating me mbrane strength, the hull plating ruptures. Kinetic energy of the ship is given up to friction forces, plastic deformation, and fracture as tearing over a length of the hull plating ensues. The work in this book report it does not account for the lifting and subsequent rupture of the ship, but assumes that the tearing of the hull plating is wellhead progressed. The indentation and rupture of a ship hull is the structural design of a ship typically starts by determining the despatch conditions that the ship will be experiencing during its service life.Normal operation includes loading conditions much(prenominal) as bending of the hull girder (hogging, sagging, and still water), cargo live load, structural dead loads, liquid loads, cyclic fatigue, and exterior hydrostatic loads. The ship is also subjected to infrequent loads such as flooding and dry docking, and in the case of naval vessels, combat loads such as underwater explosions.The structure is designed, analyzed, and optimi zed to withstand the familiar loads to just about allowable stress level, and to remain intact under extreme loads subjected to a vertical load is considered a separate mechanism. representation characteristics such as payload capacity and endurance determine the size of the ship. This establishes the length, beam, and depth of the ship, and, hence, the structural dimensions.Modern ships make use of this principle of mental synthesis. The said construction is the sum of its many parts while a fiberglass sauceboat hull is essentially one component. The combination of molded hull and deck linked together creates a unified whole that is much stronger than the sum of its parts. But ships are proportionately far heavier and are subjected to different stresses. While the bottoms of hulls take the study brunt of stresses, and must be designed to withstand them, the construction still plays a major role in providing strength to the overall structure. In actual operation under heavy co nditions, the hull sides of most boats will deflect to greater or lesser degrees depending on how well it is designed.This is the result of impact loading, bending and torsional loading on the hull caused by high velocity over waves, porpoising and so on. If youve ever wondered why there are ships have rub rails dropping off and weak and damaged hull/deck joints, you probably thought that this was primarily due to hitting up against dock pilings. But the real understanding is that there are ships who have poorly designed hull/deck joints that are simply lap joints screwed together. It is the stress transferred from the hull bottom to the hull sides and thereof to hull/deck join that causes the screws that join these parts together to break loose.Putting screws into fiberglass is a terrible means of making connections. Screw joins are simply too weak to work effectively. Partial bulkheads are really nothing more than frames and do not serve any greater function than frames. It is a mistake to call a hull partition with two doors in it a bulkhead, for it is really only a partition or a partial bulkhead at best. Surveyors often mistake partitions for bulkheads. Remember that to be classified as such, a bulkhead must be serving the purpose of tying the quartette sides of the hull together (bottom, deck and sides). If the shot full of holes and openings, its not achieving that purpose.ConclusionIt is important to be aware of the nuances and exclusions from Hull and Machinery cover as well as to be aware of cover options and requirements. For instance, although the ship, equipment and spare parts are covered by the Hull and Machinery insurance, loose items that accompany the ship in its trade, but which cannot be deemed to be a part of it, e.g. stores and supplies are covered under the ITCH, but not under the Plan.As a result, the ship owner may consider purchasing additional insurance cover for items falling outside of the Plans cover provisions. However, many t imes, the loss and/or damage of such items fall well below the deductive. Another important consideration is cover of items that are not normally on board the ship for an indefinite or prolonged period of time. The Plans prerequisite for covering equipment and spare parts under the Hull and Machinery cover is that they are normally on board. Therefore, an somebody assessment should be made.Even less did I anticipate the effect on how the hull would handle with a 41% overall weight reduction. weighing machine model testing revealed the boat to be so light that it would pitch and roll so violently that it would be uninhabitable to human beings. It developed a whip-snap roll in a 3 sea that would literally throw people off the deck. Or when pitching, launch them like a trampoline. However, there has been some extension into production building mainly so-called niche markets such as race boats, both power and sail.And to the extent that it is clear that the production boat building ind ustry does not possess the necessary capital resources, nor the profit margins to sustain them, their incorporation of this technology into production building is very likely to sojourn along the lines of trial and error.What this portends for the surveyor are the risks of failing to locate design failures during surveys, failures involving design, materials and construction techniques that fall into the realm of the experimental. Make no mistake about it experimentation with new-sprung(prenominal) materials directly into a product is the norm, not the exception. With this basis understanding of the principles of good hull design, we can now begin to study the effects of what happens when these principles are violated.ReferencesBranch, Alan E. Elements of transfer 7th Ed. Routledge Publication. N.Y. ISBN 0748760393US Cost Guard Guide to Regulations for Passenger Vessels. (2001).http//www.uscg.mi/ng/9-m/nvic/301/n3-01.pdfKahloism. (1971). Ship Construction. http//www.freepatentson line.com/3625174.htmlShipping Container. (1974). http//www.freepatentsonline.com/3782619.html

How should I study to improve my academic performance in school Essay

poring over is not reading. It requires a more intense and organised effort. To field of battle effectively, you must shoot right planning, memory, reading, check off taking and sequence management skills. To study effectively you must master certain skills planning, memorising, time management, line of work taking, and sometimes managing stress. Everyone has a different encyclopaedism style. Consequently, everyone has a different studying style. exactly the way that you be studying right now force not be the best for you. How would you lie with? Easy If your grades arent what youd like them to be, then you probably need to transform how you studyA). A Good Study PlaceAlthough studying in a sitting elbow room or manor hall room (for students in boarding schools), is convenient, it is often a poor place to learn. The dorm/sitting room has a plethora of distractions including sweet voices of your singing friends. If you want to improve your concentration and efficiency a s a student, learn to study from the secern, library or any early(a) quiet place. You need a good study place to be prepared to study. You should be able to answer YES to all of the side by side(p) dubietys1. Is my study place free from interruptions? It is important to have uninterrupted study time. You must maintain silence in cast. Research shows that most students study best in a quiet environment. Study at the uniform time and at the same place, devoted to study only. This helps you to associate the time and place with studying and concentrating. You volition find that you get into a habit of studying as soon as you sit down. However, change of environment may help in managing stress.2. Does my study place contain all the study materials I need? Be sure your study place includes reference sources and supplies such as pens and pencils, paper, ruler, calculator, and whatever else you might need.3. Does my Study Space contain a clean desk or table? While working on an assig nment or studying for a test, use a desk that is free from other distractive materials. Allow seemly room for writing and try to avoid clutter. You need enough room to store your study materials. Be sure you have enough storage space to allow you to keep your desktop or other work surface clear of unnecessary materials that can get in the way.B) Manage Your Time culture is a full-time job. And managing your time is important. If you have an activity after kinsfolk that you do just for gaiety or if you participate in co-curricular activities (whether school-related or not), keep your priorities in mind Your academic work should summate first Set yourself a grade goal. If you dont meet it, cut down on some of the activities you are involved in.C) Take Notes in Class & always Rewrite during prep timeGood studying begins with good notes taken in class. Just as everyone has a different learning style, different teachers have different teaching styles Some teachers lecture, some lead d iscussions, some facilitate case-by-case work (as in a lab), etc. Consequently, different classroom settings result require different note-taking techniques. The following are some of the suggestions i. Take Complete Notes The key idea of taking good notes in class is to write down as much as possible. There are several reasons to take notes that are as complete as possible1. It will force you to pay attention to whats discharge on in class.2. It will keep you awake ()3. There will be less that youll have to memorize that time since you have a reference.4. It enhances understanding when you review your notes. But if you have incomplete notes, it will be hard for you to learn what you didnt take notes on. ii.D) Ask interrogative moods and make mentionsIf you have a question or something comes to mind as youre taking notes, you have two choices You can contribute to the class discussion by asking your question or making your comment. Or you can jot your question or comment down i n your notes. I suggest always doing the latter, but also doing the designer as often as possible. One reason that you should always put your question or comment in your notes is so that you wont forget it you can then always bring it up later, either in class or one-on-one with the teacher or a fellow student. By the way, if you have a question, especially if you need clarification of something that the teacher said or wrote (possibly because it was inaudible or illegible), ask it Do not be embarrassed about asking it I can assure you that there will be at leastone other student in the class (and often many more) who will be extremely grateful to you for having asked the very same question that they were in like manner embarrassed to ask, and they will come to view you as wise and brave for having asked it. (So will the teacher)

The Great Gatsby Quotations

Figurative Language Foreshadowing is used in this. When Jordan says this it foreshadows on the accident Of Daisy hitting Myrtle. 3) Some condemnation toward midnight Tom Buchanan and Mrs.. Wilson s withald face to face in perfervid voices whether Mrs.. Wilson had any right to mention Daisy name. Daisy Daisy Daisy sh push throughed Mrs.. Wilson. Ill say it when eveningr want to Daisy Dad- Making a short practised movement Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. richness The importance of this iterate is present how the richer circle mess deem that being snobs makes them fancy.It memorializes how the era this book was set in was a sentence some(prenominal) different hen ours. symbol This shows how Tom is unworthy of Daisy and her fill out, no matter what his social status. It is alike showing the darker side of the jazz era. Seeming Nick did non respond to Tom hitting myrtle this shows you his non-judgmental side to him. Figurative Language Personification is us ed here when Impassi atomic number 53d voices is said, as well as a short deft movement. 4) l believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby mansion house I was one of the few guests who had actu altogethery been invited. People were not invited-?they went thither. Importance The importance Of this summons is that it is showing how society used Gatsby, they didnt know him or particularly like him, but they felt more and so happy, and wel come on to party at his house. eve though he would throw a party for all of New York the East egger wouldnt accept him. This also shows the general corruption of the roaring asss. It also helps show that people wanted to escape from their empty lives. Symbolism This quote helps show that for some reason Gatsby wanted to meet Nick, he wanted to make sure that Nick showed up. Which thusly helps you realize that Nick has a connection to someone or something that Gatsby wants.Which would be Daisy. Figurative Language Foreshadowing is used. Beca use the fact that Gatsby invited Nick, and no one else shows that he wants to see him badly for some reason. Which is then explained later on in the book. 5) A stout, middle-aged man, with enormous owl-eyed spectacles, was sitting somewhat drunk on the edge of a great table, staring with wobbling concentration at the shelves of books. As we entered he wheeled excitedly around and examined Jordan from head to foot. What do you think? he demanded impetuously. About what? He waved his hand towards the bookshelves About that.As a matter of fact you neednt bother to ascertain. I ascertained they re real. The books? He nodded. Absolutely read-they collect pages and everything. I thought theft be a nice durable cardboard. Matter of fact theyre absolutely real. Pages and-Here Lemma show you. Importance This quote is master(prenominal) to the plays pot because it helps describe how real of a man Gatsby is compared to the rest of the people in society. It shows how Gatsby is genuine, a nd isnt retributive an likeness like everybody else in society in the asss was. Symbolism The constant bringing up of owl eye in the book is symbolizing wisdom.It symbolizes that Gatsby is a wise man. It also symbolizes for how Gatsby is blinded by assays beauty and for his mania for her. Figurative Language Owl eyes is used as a symbol in this quote, they come up often in the book. They symbolize for how Gatsby has a difficult time separating the ideal from the real. 6) l wish shell be a fool-?thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a splendiferous little fool You see, I think everything terrible anyhow And I know. Ive been everywhere and seen everything and make everything. Importance Daisy says this to Nick and Jordan, talking about how she hopes her daughter leave turn out.Importance of this is that it shows that she lives in a time when Oman are not expected to be quite intelligent, she hopes that her daughter can be a beautiful fool. Woman in this era were exp ected to be docile. Importance to Character This shows how she refers to the social value of her era, but does not challenge them. Instead Daisy describes her own boredom with life, and believes that a girl can have more fun in her time when she is beautiful and simplistic. Daisy conforms to the social standard of American femininity in the 1 dads to avoid tension issues as her undying love for Gatsby.Figurative Language This foreshadows on Tom having a mistress because Daisy is a fool. She has no idea that Tom has a mistress, so she herself is a beautiful fool. 7) in that respect must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams-not through her own fault but because of the broad vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her, beyond everything. He had thrown himself into it with a creative passion Importance The importance of this quote is that it explains how Gatsby expected more out of Daisy then what she could give.He expected her to be the s ame Daisy that he had fallen in love with before the war, and he expected her to love only Gatsby and not Gatsby and Tom. Symbolism This shows that Gatsby is that Daisy is the g senileen girl. A symbolic validation that his love for her makes him a real man, while to Daisy, Gatsby is symbolic of freedom and escape, everything that Daisy wants 8) She was appalled by West Egg By its raw vigor that chafed And by the too obtrusive fate that herded its inhabitants along a short-cut from nothing to nothing.She saw something awful in the very simpleness she failed to understand Importance This quote shows how Daisy is a judgmental character and does not understand what it is like to not have much gold to upend. Daisy doesnt understand the amusement of new wealth partying crowd. Daisy grew up knowing that there must be a concrete difference between poor and rich. Daisy and Tom like the old traditional way of wealth, the status and reputation. They like the classy way of life, so when the re is woman there communicate to daisy to have a cold shower, she is disgusted that a woman would allow herself get that drunk.Symbolism This quote shows how Daisy loves Gatsby. Even though this party disgusted her and Tom, she still tries to defend Gatsby when Tom says something nasty about the party. She rises to explain that a lot of people who werent invited must have came, and those were the people that are acting not appropriately. 9) You ought to go extraneous I said. Its pretty certain thefts trace your car Go away now, old sport? Go to Atlantic city for a week, or up to Montreal He wouldnt consider it. He couldnt possibly distribute Daisy until he knew what she was going to do.He was clutching at some last hope and couldnt bear to shake him free. Importance This quote shows that Gatsby is too hung up on Daisy that he cant leave without her. He believes himself to be so in love with her that e cant leave. Gatsby doesnt know that his life is at risk because Mr.. Wilson i s running around the countryside trying to find the possessor of the yellow car. Symbolism This quote shows how Gatsby lives Off Of hope. It shows how hope is the only thing that is keeping him from loneliness, and from just cock-a-hoop up. 0) minis is a valley of ashes-?a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes mint forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and, finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the close-grained air. Occasionally a line of gray cars crawls along an invisible track, gives out a ghastly creak, and comes to rest, and like a shot the ash-gray men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud, which screens their obscure operations form your sight. Importance The valley of ashes is a dividing point between West egg and East egg, It is a division between two totally different life styles, West egg is a go forth full of people who ar e happy and searching for what to be, while East egg is full of people who are wealthy and spend money on whatever they like, while in the middle, is the valley of ashes. A place that is burnt down, nothing but grey from ashes, where it is filthy and dusty, and people are just acquire by. Symbolism The valley of Ashes symbolizes for a place of death, of something dark.It symbolizes that dreams are left there, and that there is no hope there. The Valley of Ashes is a place where god sees everything, because of the large billboard with the dry in the large glasses on it. 1 1) It makes me sad because Eve never seen such- beautiful shirts before Importance This quote shows you how Daisy is very materialistic. by and by seeing Gatsby mansion, and finally seeing his bedroom and the mount of money/things he ash, she becomes overwhelmed. Symbolism The shirts symbolize for something of the larger picture. They symbolize a rainbow, especially because it is raining outside.The shirts show her how Gatsby become wealthy for her to love him because he knows that she is materialistic, she starts whoreson because she knows she can never return the ardent love for him. 12) They were careless people, Tom and Daisythey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the sees they had made Importance Tom is careless because he goes out and cheats on Daisy with myrtle, while Daisy is careless because she lets Tom go out and snoop.It makes you wonder how Gatsby received his endless amounts of money he seems to have. 4) If it wasnt for the mist we could see your home across the bay You always have a commonalty light that burns all night at the end of your dock. Importance This quote shows how Gatsby is so in love with Daisy that he bought a house right across the bay from her, just so he could see the green light at the end of her dock. Its not quite e nough for him, but its just enough to keep that hope their in Gatsby mind.Symbolism The green light is a symbolic representation of Daisy, Which is everything that Gatsby desires. It shows how much he truly loves her. 15) With every word she was drawing further and further into herself, so he eve that up, and only the dean dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away, trying to touch what was no lasting tangible, struggling unhappily, UN- despairingly, toward the lost voice across the room Importance This quote shows how when Gatsby is speaking to Daisy, he realizes that she will never be his, the way that she was before.He realizes that he had lost her for good, and that she was never coming back again. Symbolism This quote shows an illusion. It shows how Daisy was all a made up illusion in his mind, and he made her to be greater then what she actually was. Just like the American Dream, his hopes were crushed.

Cosmetic Surgery Is Moving Toward Multiethnic Beauty Ideals Essay

The increasing number of non uninfecteds puffting ornamental cognitive operation is luck fellowship make haste from a crawl to a full-bore sprint toward one truly melted, fusion community.In the following viewpoint, Anupreeta Das questions whether minorities go under the knife to seem more(prenominal) gabardine. She suggests that as heathen eachy icon beauties emerge in entertainment and the media, many an(prenominal) African American, Asian, and Latino augmentative- mathematical process patients want diversenesss that harmonize with their ethnic features. In fact, Das states more surgeons today atomic number 18 specializing in bleed-specific mathematical operations. This blending and reducing of racial distinctions through cosmetic mathematical process entirelyow minorities to fit in with viewer standards that atomic number 18 moving away from a Caucasian exemplification, she claims. Das is a journalist based in Boston.As you read, consider the following que stions1.As stated by Das, how do rhinoplasty procedures differ among Caucasians, African Americans, and Asian Americans?2.Why did Jewish race emb turn tail cosmetic surgery, agree to the viewpoint?3.According to Das, what do critics read roughly the increase of ethnic models in the fashion assiduity?For c recur a century, the women who seduce turned to cosmetic surgery to achieve peach treeor some Hollywood-meets-Madison pass version of itwere of each ages, shapes, and sizes hardly almost always of one hue bloodless. just now now, when there seems to be nothing that a few thousand dollars cant fix, women of color ar clamoring in skyrocketing numbers to overhear their faces and bodies nipped, snipped, lifted, pulled, and tucked. This is a step forward, right? In the land of opportunity, we applaud when barriers break down feather and more batch get to partake in the good life, as it were.There are many explanations for the sweet departingness of minorities to go u nder the knife their swelling numbers and dispos able-bodied income, the popularization of cosmetic surgery and its growing acceptance as a normal kayo routine,and its relative affordability. Whats significant are the procedures minorities are choosing. More often than not, theyre electing to surgically narrow the span of their nostrils and perk up their wind ups or suture their hats to create an extra fold. Or theyre sucking out the fat from buttocks and hips that, for their race or ethnicity, are typically plump. It all could lead to one presumption These women are making themselves smell more whiteor at least less ethnic. nevertheless perhaps not to the expiration some suppose. tribe want to keep their ethnic identity, says Dr. Arthur Shektman, a Wellesley-based waxy surgeon. They want some change, but they dont substantially want a white nose on a melanize face. Shektman says not one of his nonage patientsthey make up about 30 percent of his practice, up from about 5 pe rcent 10 years agohas said, I want to look white. He believes this is indorse that the dominant Caucasian-centered idea of blond, blue-eyed beauty is giving way to multiple ethnic standards of beauty, with the likes of Halle Berry, Jennifer Lopez, and Lucy Liu as mailing girls.No way is the answer Tamar Williams of Dorchester gives when asked if her desire to surgically reduce the width of her nose and get a perkier tip was influenced by a Caucasian standard. Why would I want to look white? maturation up, the 24-year-old black bank teller says, she longed for a nose that wasnt quite so wide or flat or big for her face. It wasnt that I didnt like it, Williams says. I just cherished to change it. Hoping to become a model, she thinks the nose job she got in November 2007 will flummox her a life history of happiness and opportunity. I was always confident. But now I can show rack up my nose. thus far others are less convinced that the centuries-old fixation on Caucasian beautyf rom the Mona Lisa to Pamela Andersonhas slackened. Im not ready to put to rest the idea that the white ideal has not permeated our psyches, says Janie Ward, a professor of Africana Studies at Simmons College. It is still shaping our expectations of what is beautiful.A Peculiar FusionWhether or not the surging number of minority patients is influenced by a white standard, one point comes with little doubt The $12.4 billion-a-year shaping surgery industry is adapting its techniques to meet this ask. The American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), for example, has in youthful months held meetings on subjects ranging from Asian upper-eyelid surgery to so-called ethnic rhinoplasty. The discussion will come to Boston this summer 2007 when the academy will host a five-day event that will include sessions on nose reshaping techniques tailored to racial groups. And increasingly, pliant surgeons are wooing minoritieswho make up one-third of the US population by publicise specializations in race-specific surgeries and using a greater number of nonwhite faces on their Web sites.It could be that these new patients are not trying to erase the more intelligible markers of their ethnic heritage or race, but simply to reduce them. In the process, theyre pursuing ethnic and racial ambiguity. Take Williams. With her new smaller nose and long, straight hair, the African-American woman seems to be toying with the idea of ambiguity. And maybe we shouldnt be surprised. The intermingling of ethnicities and racesvia marriages, friendships, and other interactionshas created a peculiar fusion in this country. Its the great mishmash where Christmas and Hanukkah and Kwanzaa are celebrated in one long festive spirit, where weddings mix Hindi vows with a chuppah, where California-Vietnamese is a cuisine, where Eminem can be wispy and Beyonce can go blond. And the increasing number of nonwhites getting cosmetic surgery is helping society accelerate from a crawl to a full-bore sprint toward one truly melted, fusion community.There were 11.5 meg cosmetic procedures done in 2005, including surgical ones such as face lifts and rhinoplasties and nonsurgical ones such as botulinum toxin A shots and collagen injections. One out of every five patients was of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent (separate statistics arent available for white versus nonwhite Hispanics). According to the American Society for esthetical Plastic Surgery, the number of minority patients undergoing cosmetic procedures increased from 300,000 in 1997 to 2 million in 2005.Although the total demand for cosmetic procedures also increasedfrom 2 million in 1997 to 11.5 million in 2005the rate of increase for minorities is higher than the overall rate. (Women account for more than nine-tenths of all cosmetic procedures.)Different ethnic and racial groups favor different procedures. Statistics compiled by the AAFPRS show that in 2005, more than six out of every 10 African -Americans getting cosmetic surgery had nose jobs. Unlike rhinoplasties acted on Caucasians, which may fix a crooked bridge or shave off a hump, doctors say African-American and Asian-American nose reshaping usually leads to narrower nostrils, a higher bridge, and a pointier tip.For Asian-Americans, eyelid surgeryeither the procedure to create an eyelid fold, often giving the eye a more wide-open appearing, or a regular eye lift to reduce signs of agingis popular. According to the AAFPRS, 50 percent of Asian patients get eyelid surgery. Dr. Min Ahn, a Westborough-based plastic surgeon who performs Asian eyelid surgery, says only about half of the Asian population is born with some semblance of an eyelid crease. Even if Asians have a preexistent eyelid crease, it is lower and the eyelid is fuller. For those born without the crease, he says, creating the double eyelid is so much a part of the Asian finishing right now. Its probable that this procedure is driving the Asian demand for eyelid surgeries.Breast augmentation and rhinoplasty top the list of preferred procedures for patients of Hispanic origin, followed by liposuction. Asian-Americans also cull breast implants, while breast reductionthe one procedure eligible for insurance coverageis the third most preferred choice for African-American women after nose reshaping and liposuction. Doctors say African-American women typically consumption liposuction to remove excess fat from their buttocks and hipstwo areas in which a disproportionate number of women of this race store fat.The Culture of Self-ImprovementOf course, the assimilative nature of society in general has always demanded a certain degree of conformity and adaptation of every group that landed on American shores. People have adjusted in ways small and largesuch as by changing their names and learning new social mores. Elizabeth Haiken, a San Francisco Bay area historian and the author of the 1997 nurse Venus Envy A History of Cosmetic Surge ry, says ethnic minorities may use plastic surgery as a way to fit in to the mainstream, just as another group apply it in the early 20th century. The first group to really embrace cosmetic surgery was the Jews, says Haiken. Her inquiry indicates that during the 1920s, when cosmetic surgery first became popular in the United States, being Jewish was equated with being slimy and un-American, and the Jewish nose was the first line of attack. Most rhinoplasties therefore sought to reduce its distinct characteristics and bring it more in line with the preferred straighter shape of the Anglo-Saxon nose.That people would go to such extremes to change their appearance should come as no surprise. Going back to early 20th-century culture, there is a established conviction that you are what you look like, Haiken says. Its not your family, your birth, or your heritage, its all about you. And your looks and appearance and the way you present yourself will determine who you are. In the initi al sizing-up, the face is the fortune. Physical beauty becomes mat with success and happiness.Plastic surgeons commonly say that minorities today choose surgery for the same reasons as whitesto empower, better, and carry themselves. Its the universal desire to maintain youthfulness, and it doesnt change from group to group, says Dr. Frank Fechner, a Worcester-based plastic surgeon.The culture of self-improvement that surrounds Americans has also made plastic surgery more permissible in recent years. Making oneself overones home, ones car, ones breastsis now a part of the American life cycle, writes New York Times columnist Alex Kuczynski in her 2006 book, Beauty Junkies Inside Our $15 Billion Obsession With Cosmetic Surgery. Doctors have sold us on the notion that surgery is further part of the journeytoward enhancement, the beauty outside ultimately reflecting the beauty within. Nothing captures this journey better than the covey of plastic surgery TV shows such as ABCs Extrem e Makeover, Foxs The Swan, and FXs Nip/Tuck. These prime-time televised narratives of desperation and triumph, with the scalpel in the starring role of savior, have also helped make plastic surgery more widely accepted. Through sanitized, pain-free, 60-minute capsules showcasing the transformation of ordinary folks, reality TV has sold people on the notion that the Cinderella story is a purchasable, everyday experience that everyone deserves.Mei-Ling Hester, a 43-year-old Taiwanese-American hairdresser on Newbury Street, believes in plastic surgery as a routine part of personal upkeep. So when her eyelids started to droop and lose their crease, she rushed to Ahn, the plastic surgeon. He sucked the excess fat out while maintaining, he says, the Asian characteristic of her eyelids. Hester also regularly gets Botox injected into her forehead and is considering liposuction. I feel great inside, she says. With hair tinted a plenteous brown and look without lines or puffiness, her beaut y is groomed and serene. I work out, I eat right, I use good products on my face. It was worth it, she says of her surgery. Although Hester says she pursues plastic surgery for betterment and self-fulfillment, she recognizes her privileged status as someone born with the double eyelids and sharper nose so prized in much of the Asian community. I just got lucky, because if you look at my sister, shes got a flat nose. Another sister was born without the eyelid crease and had it surgically created, says Hester.The concept of the double eyelid as beautiful comes from the West. For many, many years, the standards for beauty have been Western standards that say you have to have a certain shape to the eye, and the eyelid has to have a fold, says Dr. Ioannis Glavas, a facial plastic surgeon specializing in eyelid surgery, with practices in Cambridge, New York City, and Athens. Sometimes, the demand for big eyes can be extreme. Glavas recalls one young Asian-American woman he saw who, in a sset to wanting a double eyelid procedure, asked him to snip off some of the bottom lid to split up more of the white. I had to say no to her, he says.Glavas says both Asian women and men demand the double eyelid surgery because it is a way of looking less different by reducing an obvious ethnic feature. Presumably, Asian patients arent aiming to look white by getting double eyelids (after all, African-Americans and other minorities have double eyelids), but the goal is social and cultural assimilation, or identification with some dominant artistic standard.Across-the-Board AppealIn recent years, the dominant aesthetic standard in American society has moved away from the blond, blue-eyed Caucasian woman to a more ethnically forked type. glistening magazines are devoting more pages to this melting-pot aesthetic, designed (like the new Barbies) for across-the-board appeal. Todays beautiful woman comes in many colors, from ivory to cappuccino to ebony. Her hair can be dark and kink y, and she might even show off a decidedly curvy derrierea feature that has actually started to prompt some white women to get gluteal augmentation, or butt implants.However, critics say these are superficial changes to what is essentially a Caucasian-inspired idealthe big-eyed, narrow-nosed, pillow-lipped, large-breasted, boyishly thin apparition. There has been a subtle change in the kind of models you see in Victorias Secret catalogs or Vogue, says Dr. Fred Stucker, the head of facial plastic surgery at lah State University, Shreveport. But they take the black girl who has the high cheekbones, narrow nose, and pouty lips. Its not uncommon, he says, to find a white face with dark skin.Going by the recent surge of minorities demanding plastic surgery, it is plausible that this attempt by canny marketers and media types to promote a darker-skinned but still relatively undifferentiated ideal is working. After all, they are simply following the money. According to the University of Georgias Selig Center for economical Growth, which compiles an annual report on the multicultural economy in the United States, minorities had a combined acquire power of several trillion dollars in 2006. In 2007, thedisposable income of Hispanics is expected to rise to $863 billion, while African-Americans will collectively have $847 billion to spend. By 2010, Asians are expected to have buying power totaling $579 billion. And all of these groups are showing a greater willingness to spend it on themselves and the things they covet, including cosmetic surgery.Katie Marcial represents exactly this kind of person. The 50-year-old African-American is newly single, holds a well-paying job in Boston, and has no qualms about spending between $10,000 and $20,000 on a tummy tuck and breast surgery. Im doing this mainly because Im economically able to do so, says Marcial, a Dorchester resident whose clear skin and youthful attire belie her age. With her three children all grown, her money is hers to spend. I can indulge in a little vanity, she says. Marcial says she chose a young, Asian-American doctor to perform her surgery because I thought she would know the latest techniques and be sensitive to ethnic skin.Historically, plastic surgery has been tailored to Caucasian women. Glavas says that in medical texts, the measurements of symmetry and balancetwo widely recognized preconditions of beautywere made with Caucasian faces in mind. Such practices led to a general sense among minorities that plastic surgery was for whites and kept them away from tinkering with their faces and bodies. But even as the industry now adapts to its new customers, plastic surgeons are divided over whether surgical specialization in various ethnicities and races necessarily caters better to the needs of minority patients. Dr. Julius Few, a plastic surgeon at Northwestern Universitys Feinberg School of Medicine, hails the fact that plastic surgeons are customizing their procedures to focus o n minorities, so its not just the one-size-fits-all mentality of saying, well, if somebodys glide slope in, regardless, theyre going to look Northern European coming out. He even sees a crystalize of subspecialty emerging in various ethnic procedures. Meanwhile, Dr. Jeffrey Spiegel, who is chief of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery at Boston University Medical Center and has a large number of nonwhite patients, is skeptical of the notion of specialization in ethnic and racial cosmetic surgery. It strikes me more as a marketing toolthan a real specialization, he says.In 1991, Michael capital of Mississippi crooned It dont matter if youre black or white. Jacksons message about transcending race may have won singalong supporters, but his plastic surgeries did not. His repeated nose jobs and lightened skin color (he has maintained he is not bleaching but is using war paint to cover up the signs of vitiligo, a skin condition) were perceived by minoritiesespecially African-Amer icansas an attempt to look white. Doctors say that Dont make me look like Michael Jackson is a popular leave off among patients. People were put off by dramatic surgeries and preferred subtle changes, says Shektman, the Wellesley-based plastic surgeon.The New Melting-Pot AestheticChoices have expanded since then. Minorities can now hold themselves up against more ethnically and racially equivocal role models that may still trace their roots to the once-dominant Caucasian standard but are neat more composite and blended. The concept of ideal beauty is moving toward a mix of ethnic features, says plastic surgeon Ahn, a Korean-American who is married to a Caucasian. And I think its better.The push toward ethnic and racial ambiguity should perhaps be expected, because the cultural churn in American society is producing it anyway. Sure, promoting ambiguous beauty is a strategic move on the part of marketing gurus to cover their bases and appeal to all groups. But its also a reflection of reality. Not only are minorities expected to make up about half the American population by 2050, but the number of racially mixed people is increasing tremendously. The number of mixed-race children has been growing enough since the 1970s that in 2000 the Census Bureau created a new section in which respondents could self-identify their race nearly 7 million people (2.4 percent of the population) identified themselves as belonging to more than one race.For minorities, this new melting-pot beauty aestheticperhaps the only kind of aesthetic standard that befits a multiethnic and multicultural societyisan achievable and justifiable goal. Increasingly, advertisements use models whose blue eyes and dreadlocked hair or almond-shaped eyes and strong cheekbones leave you wondering about their ethnic origins. The ambiguous model might have been dreamed up on a computer or picked from the street. But advertisers value her because she is a blended productsomeone everyone can identify with b ecause she cannot be immediately define by race or ethnicity. By surgically blending or erasing the most telling ethnic or racial characteristics, cosmetic surgery makes ambiguity possible and allows people of various ethnicities and races to fit in. For the Jewish community in the 1920s, fitting in may have had to do with imitating a Caucasian beauty ideal. For minorities today, its a melting-pot beauty ideal that is uniquely American. How appropriate this ambiguity is, in a culture that expects conformity even as it celebrates diversity.Das, Anupreeta. Cosmetic Surgery Is Moving Toward Multiethnic Beauty Ideals. The Culture of Beauty. Ed. romish Espejo. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from The Search for Beautiful. Boston Globe 21 Jan. 2007. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.Document universal re stock locatorhttp//ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&c ontentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Viewpoints&dviSelectedPage=&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=&displayGroups=&sortBy=&zid=&search_within_results=&p=OVIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010659218&source=Bookmark&u=lawr16325&jsid=8af464626ea9692fea0cb02ef9c121a3Gale Document Number GALEEJ3010659218

Cash Cropping in Nepal Essay

On an individual crop basis, tomatoes and potatoes were the close increasing, sensitivity analysis and scenarios suggest high variation and limited short-term wallop on meagerness alleviation. Profitable. On a per turn basis, 50% of the households with positive farm uncouth borderlines grew at least champion veggie crop, while only 25% of households with negative farm gross margins included vegetable crops in their rotation. Farmers have been hesitant to produce primarily for the market given the rudimentary infrastructure and high variability in prices.Farmers reported selling more crops, but when corrected for inflation, gross revenues declined over era. The costs and benefits of growth markets have been unevenly distributed with small holders unable to expectantize on market opportunities and wealthier farmers engaging in stimulation intensive cash cropping. Farms growing vegetables had an average gross margin of US$137 per year compared to US$12 per year for farms gro wing only staple crops.However, the area under labor is small and, while vegetable production is likely to continue Key words Agriculture, Cash crops, Gross margin, Household economics, Market inequity, penury Introduction Cash cropping has been promoted by development specialists as a mechanism to alleviate rural mendicancy in countries such as Nepal. Programs have capitalized on existing transportation networks, the proximity to urban centers or niche markets (Panday, 1992). But there are concerns that agricultural commercialization by-passes the poor.The cash and land quality requirements of capital intensive farming whitethorn limit the capacity of poorer farmers to invest, while the risks associated with yield and price variability may limit their willingness to participate in commercial productionBoth the Agricultural Perspective picture (APROSC, 1995) and the ninth National Plan (GON, 1998) of Nepal promote the intensification of agriculture and increased cash crop produc tion. In the Mid-hills of Nepal near Kathmandu, potato and tomato production have increased dramatically in the last 10 years (Brown and Shrestha, 2000).But, vegetable production is demanding of soil, water, and kind-hearted resources. A systematic assessment of cash cropping is required to determine the impact on household well-being. The aims of this theme are five-fold 1) to determine the relative profitability of vegetable production in the Mid- hills of Nepal2) to assess the economic impact of incorporating vegetables into the dominant cropping patterns 3) to analyze the variability between households 4) to assess the impact of fluctuations in price and 5) to evaluate blase changes in household well-being with the incorporation of vegetableproduction.Methods The relative profitability of agricultural production between farms provides a mechanism to compare the economic status of farming households with diversified cropping systems. An indication of the profitability of each farm can be obtained by computing gross margins, defined as tally returns less total variable costs. lend returns are equal to the value of all crops produced (including crop residues), irrespective of whether the crop is sold. Total variable costs include the purchase of seed, fertilizer, and pesticides hiring oxen and all labor involved in gloss activities.Labor includes the time spent in planting, irrigation, fertilizing, spraying, weeding, harvesting and transportation and selling and includes the opportunity cost of family labor. The gross margin can thus be viewed as the return to fixed costs (land and livestock) and management. Gross margin analysis, in this context, focuses on production or income with respect to agriculture. As it does not take into account the time value of money, gross margins are not sensitive to interest rates, and are a good counterbalance approximation of financial feasibility.